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An Outline of Recent 

European History 

1815-1916 



BY 



CLARENCE PERKINS, Ph. D. 

Professor of European History 
at the Ohio State University 



THE COLLEGE BOOK STORE 

September 

1916 



An Outline of Recent European 
History, 1815-1916 



By CLARENCE PERKINS, Ph.D. 

Professor of European History 
at the Ohio State University 



THE COLLEGE BOOK STORE 

September 

1916 



COPYRIGHT, 1916, BY 

CLARENCE PERKINS 



PUBLISHED SEPTEMBER, 1916 






OCT 16 1916 



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^4 



3CI.A438893 



PREFACE. 

This outline witli the accompanying references is a revision and 
enlargement of "An Outline for the History of Europe Since 1815" 
prepared in 1913 for the use of students at the Ohio State University. 
Like its predecessor it contains much fuller references on the period 
since 1870 than on the earlier years. Both Hazen's Europe Since 1915 
and the second volume of Hayes's Political and Social History of Mod- 
ern Europe have been followed in preparing the outline ; and references 
to both these excellent books have been appended to most of the topics. 
Students should read one or both of these and at least one of the 
"Additional References" under each special topic. 

The purpose of the outline is not to provide a brief summary of 
the facts, predigested mental pabulum, as it were ; but to provide a 
scheme of organization, to suggest to the student what he is to look for 
as he reads, and to teach him to distinguish between essentials and non- 
essentials. Hence the facts are not usually stated, but the student is 
left to work them out from his reference readings both in Hazen and 
Hayes and the "Additional References". 

Though the outline and references have been prepared primarily for 
use in the writer's own classes, it is hoped that they may be useful to 
other instructors who are using the admirable books on which the out- 
line is based. 

CLARENCE PERKINS, 

Ohio State University, Columbus. 

September 1, 1916. 

3 



THE ERA OF REACTION IN EUROPE — THE "METTERNICH 
ERA", 1814-1830. 

1. The reorganization of Europe — the work of the Congress of 

Vienna. 

A. The Treaty of Paris, 1814. Its provisions and importance. 

B. The Congress of Vienna. 

a. Character of the congress. 

b. Difficulty of its problems. The principle on which its 

settlements were based. 

c. How Talleyrand secured the recognition of France as 

a great power. 

d. The territorial settlements. Chief acquisitions of 

each power. 

e. Political settlement as regards Germany and Italy. 

Why adopted? 

f. Criticisms of the work of the congress. 

C. How the settlements of 1814 and 1815 were to be main- 

tained, 
a. Difficulties, b. The machinery adopted, c. The 
dominant personality behind this — Metternich, his 
aims, ability, and historical importance. 

2. The reaction in Austria and Germany, 1815-1830. 

A. The Austrian Empire, its strength and weakness. 

a. Elements of strength, b. Elements of weakness. 

B. The German Confederation. 

a. The states included — why? 

b. Central government — elements of strength and 

weakness. 

c. German opinion of this government. 

d. Why this government had been adopted. Difficulties 

in the way of unity. 

e. Forms of government in the separate states of Ger- 

many. 

C. The movement of opposition to reaction in Germany and 

its effects. 

a. Causes and nature of the agitation. 

b. Results — the Carlsbad Decrees. The methods and 

work of Metternich's German tools. 

3. Reaction and revolution in Spain and Italy. 

A. Causes of discontent in Spain and Portugal. 

B. Causes of discontent in Italy. 

a. Italy awakens in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic 
Period. 

5 



b. Political settlement of Italy by the Congress of 

Vienna. The ten Italian states. Effects. 

c. Political, economic, and social policies of the restored 

rulers. 

d. The work of the Carbonari. 

C. The revolutions of 1820 in Spain, Portugal, and Naples. 

D. Methods adopted by the great powers to suppress these 

revolutions, 
a. The doctrine of the "right of intervention." Was 

this good international law? 
h. The international congresses and their work. 

c. Suppression of the revolutions. 

d. The "Monroe Doctrine" blocks the plans of the Holy 

Alliance. 
Great Britain under the rule of the old Tories, 1815-1830. 

A. Apparent prosperity of England in 1815. Reasons for this. 

a. The industrial revolution and its effects. 

b. Advantages derived from the Revolutionary and 

Napoleonic Wars. 

c. The renown of parliament. 

B. The real situation — England still a land of the "Old 

Regime." 

a. Power and influence of the nobility. 

b. Inadequacy of the representative system. 

c. The predominance of the Established Church. Why 

burdensome? 

d. Tile true interests of the mass of the people almost 

wholly neglected. 

e. Efforts to reform these conditions before 1815. Lead- 

ers of the movement? Why ineffectual? 

C. The beginnings of the reform movement that was to make 

England a democratic country in the nineteenth century. 

a. Especial causes of the unusual distress and wretch- 

edness among the masses, 1815-1820. 

b. The resulting popular disturbances and the policy of 

the old Tory government in dealing with them. 

c. The new Tories begin the work of reform. Policies 

of Canning, Peel, and Huskisson. 

(1) Canning's new foreign policy. Importance of 
this in connection with the "Monroe Doc- 
trine." 

(2) Economic reforms. 

(3) Abolition of religious disabilities against Dis- 
senters and Catholics. 

(4) Refusal of the Tories to take up the question 
of parliamentary reform. 

France during the Restoration Period, 1815-1830. 

A. The Constitutional Charter of 1814 and the permanent 
results of the French Revolution to France. 

6 



B France under the rule oi the Moderates, 1815-1820. 

a. Character and aims of Louis XVIII. 

b. Difficulties of his position- — party strife. 

c. Measures of moderate liberalism passed by the Riche- 

lieu and Decazes ministries. 
C. Victory of the Ultras and the causes of the Revolution 
of 1830. 

a. Causes of the Ultra victory. 

b. Reactionary legislation of the Ultras, 1820-1824. 

c. Main policies of Charles X and the Ultras. Causes 

which brought about the revolution in July, 1830. 

C). The Revolutions of 1830. 

A. Events and results of the July Revolution in France. Why 

the Central Powers under Metternich did not intervene 
and overthrow Louis Philippe. 

B. The Belgian Revolution of 1830. 

a. Causes, b. How the Belgians secured the recogni- 
tion of their independence by the powers. 

C. The Revolution of 1830 in Poland. 

a. Causes, b. Why the revolution was a failure, 
c. Results. 

D. Revolutions in Italy. 

E. The revolution in Germany and its suppression. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe since 1815, pp. 1-65, 406-429, 66-113; Hayes, Political 
and Social History of Modern Europe, II. 1-57. 

11. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE GROWTH OF 
DEMOCRACY, 1830-1848. 

1. The Industrial Revolution. 

A. Its importance. How it was diflferent from such a political 

and economic revolution as the French Revolution. 

B. Conditions in agriculture and industry which preceded the 

industrial revolution. 

C. The changes in agriculture which took place in the 

eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. 
O. The great inventions which changed industry. 

a. New textile machinery. 

b. New motive power. The steam engine. 

c. Changes in the iron industry. 

d. Improvements in transportation. Canals, railroads, 

and steamships. 

e. The continuation of such changes up to now. 



t. The effects of the industrial revolution. 

a. Economic effects. 

(1) Expansion of industry and commerce. Foun- 
dation of England's supremacy. 

(2) Growth of the world's population, and of the 
cities. 

(3) Enormous increase of wealth. 

b. Rise of Capitalism and the Factory System. 

c. Degradation and oppression of the laborers. 

d. The beginnings of socialism as opposed to excessive 

economic individualism, 
f. Immediate effects of the industrial revolution upon 
politics. 

(1) In England. (2) In France. (3) In the 
German states. 

References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 67-97 ; 
and Robinson and Beard, Dcz'elopment of Modern Europe, II, 
chapter 18. 

2. Political and Social Reforms in Great Britain. 1830-1866. 

A. Work of the Whig ministries, 1830-1841. 

a. The great Parliamentary Reform Act of 1832. 

(1) The struggle for its passage. 

(2) Its substance and its effects. 

b. Other reform legislation. Its necessity and signifi- 

cance. 

(1) Abolition of slavery, 1833. 

(2) The Factory Act of 1833. 

(3) The Poor Law of 1834. 

(4) The Municipal Corporations Reform Act, 
1835. 

(5) Postal reforms. 

B. The Peel ministry, 1841-1846, and its successors to 1865. 

a. The three great causes of agitation in the United 
Kingdom. 

(1) The Chartist movement. 

(a) Aims. 

(b) Extent of success. 

(c) Its significance and importance. 

(2) The movement for the repeal of the Corn 
Laws. 

(a) Causes of its growth. 

(b) Immediate cause of its success. 

(c) Removal of the remaining protective 
duties, 1849-1866. 

(3) The Irish tenant question. Extent to which 
its evils were remedied. 



Otlier reform legislation of the period. 

(1) Factory Acts of 1842, 1844, 1847, and 1850. 

(2) Admission of Jews to the House of Com- 
mons, 1858. 

(3) Postal Savings Banks established, 1861. 

(4) Post Office insurance policies issued, 1864. 
Efifects of the repeal of the Corn Laws on political 

parties. Party changes, 1846-1865. 



References : 



Hazen, Europe since 1815, 422-462 ; and Hayes, Political and Social 
History of Modern Europe, II, 102-116. 

3. Growth of Democracy in France under Louis Philippe. The 

Causes of the Revolution of 1848. 

A. Essential results of the July Revolution. Character of 

the July Monarchy. 

B. The development of political parties. 

a. Parties supporting the government. 

(1) The Progressives and their policies. 

(2) The Party of Resistance. Its leaders and 
policies. 

b. The opposition parties. 

(1) The Legitimists and the adventure of the 
Duchess of Berry. 

(2) The Republican Party. 

(a) Objects and measures of the party. 

(b) How the republicans were dealt with. 

(3) The Bonapartists. How Louis Philippe 
helped the growth of the Napoleonic legend. 
The adventures of Louis Napoleon Bona- 
parte. 

C. Causes of the Revolution of 1848. 

a. The political methods and rigid conservatism of the 

king and Guizot. 

b. Growth of radicalism and socialism. Causes? 

Leaders? 

c. Rise of the "Neo-Catholic" movement. 

d. Weak foreign policy of Louis Philippe. Lack of 

either glory or stability. 

e. Fusion of the opposition parties. The "Reform 

Banquets." 

D. Beginning of the Revolution of 1848. Overthrow of Louis 
Philippe and the establishment of the Second Republic. 

4. Central Europe, 1830-1848. 

A. Progress in Prussia during the period. 
a. Economic progress. 

(1) Difficulties of unifying Prussia. 

(2) Revision of the taxation system. 

(3) Growth of the Zollverein and its effects. 

9 



b. Intellectual progress in Prussia and Germany as a 

whole. 

c. Steps toward constitutional government. Summons 

of the United Landtag. Its powers. Popular dis- 
satisfaction with it. The situation in 1848. 

B. Causes of the revolution in the Austrian Empire. 

a. Gradual infiltration of liberal ideas. 

b. The industrial revolution and its effects in Austria. 

c. The national movements. 

(1) The Bohemian nationalistic movement. 

(2) The Hungarian nationalistic movement. 

(a) Political, social, and economic condi- 
tions in Hvmgary. 

(b) Reform agitation of Szechenyi and 
Kossuth. 

(c) The demands of Deak and the Hun- 
garian reformers in 1847. 

C. Italy, 1830-1848. 

a. The writers who did so much to produce the 

"Risorgimento." 

(1) Mazzini, his life and work. The Society of 
Young Italy. 

(2) Gioberti and his plans. 

(3) D'Azeglio. 

(4) Balbo. 

b. Beginnings of reform. 

(1) Work of the new pope, Pius IX. 

(2) Reforms of the princes in Tuscany and Pied- 
mont. 

c. The outbreak of revolution in Austria seems to guar- 

antee the success of a series of revolutions in Italy. 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since 1815, PP- 114-168. 

Additional References : — 
The July Monarchy. 

Dickinson, Revolution and Reaction in Modern France, pp. 107- 

164. 
Berry, France Since Waterloo, pp. 70-147. 
Joseph Mazzini and his work. 
B. King, Joseph Mazzini. 
J. A. R. Marriot, Makers of Modern Italy. 
R. S. Holland, Builders of' United Italy. 
The Risorgimento. 

W. R. Thayer, The Dawn of Italian Independence, I, 379-453; 
II. 1-76. 
General accounts of the period are to be found in Seignobos, Europe 
since 1814 ; Andrews, Historical Development of Modern Europe; 
and A. Philips, Europe in the Nineteenth Century. 

10 



ill. THE REVOLUTIONS OF I84g. 

1. Revolutionary successes in Central Europe, March-June, 184S. 

A. Revolution in Austria and Hungary. 

a. The outbreak in Hungary and in Vienna. 

b. The "March Laws" in Hungary, their substance and 

effects. 

c. Outbreaks in Bohemia. Objects of the revolutionists. 

d. Popular demands in the Austrian provinces. 

B. Revolution in the Italian states. 

C. Revolution in Prussia and the German states. Summons of 

the Frankfort Parliament. 

D. General results of these outbreaks. 

2. The suppression of the Central European revolutions. 

A. Causes. 

a. Elements of weakness in the Liberals. 

b. Sources of Austrian strength. 

(1) The army remains loyal. (2) Racial divi- 
sions among the Liberals. {'^) Agrarian 
reforms of the Austrian Reichsrath. Com- 
pare the government's policy with that of 
Louis XVI in 1789 and 1790. 

B. Methods by which the suppression was carried out. 

a. Windischgratz masters Bohemia. 

b. Radetsky defeats Charles Albert at Custozza, July 25, 

1848. Why? ResuUs. 

c. How the Austrians won back Hungar}-. 

(1) Civil dissensions in Hungary. 

(2) Croatian revolt against Magyar rule. 

(3) Kossuth and the Magyar Radicals get con- 
rrol in Hungary. 

(4) Second insurrection in Vienna, Oct. 1848. 

(5) Abdication of the Emperor Ferdinand and 
the accession of Francis Joseph. 

(H) War between Austria and Hungary, 1849. 
(a) Causes. (b) Hungarian declaration 
of independence, (c) How and why 
the Austrians won. (d) Results. 

d. The conquest of Italy completed. 

(1) Why Charles Albert renewed the war. 

(2) Battle of Novara and its results. 

(3) Overthrow of the Roman Republic. 

(4) Fall of Venice. 

(5) Net results of the revolutions in Italy. 

3. The Frankfort Parliament fails to unify Germany. 

A. Composition and powers. 

B. Establishment of a provisional German imperial govern- 

ment. 

11 



C. Great problems confronting the assemblage and how tbey 

were met. 

a. Territory to be included in the new Germany. Why 

difficult ? 

b. Who was to be the ruler of the new national state? 

c. Form of government to be adopted. 

d. Decisions of the Parliament. 

D. Results. Why the Frankfort Parliament failed. 

4. The king of Prussia attempts to form a lesser German union. 

A. Plan of the king. The Erfurt Parliament. 

B. How Austria ruined this plan. 

5. Results of the revolutions in Central Europe. Two constitutional 

state emerge. Character of their constitutions. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since i8ij, pp. 169-186. 
AoniTiONAL References : — 

Andrews, Historical Development of Modern Europe, I, 363-448. 

Cambridge Modern History, vol. XI, 142-233. 

G. The failure of the Second Republic, 1848-1851. 

A. The provisional government, its difficulties, and its work. 

B. Causes and events leading to the downfall of the republic. 

a. Parts of the Socialist program adopted. 

(1) The Labor Commission. Its influence and 
eflfects. 

(2) The National Workshops. Character and 
effects. 

b. France as a whole declares against the Socialists in 

the elections, April 23, 1848. The great insurrec- 
tion suppressed only by a military dictator. Com- 
pare with the events of the first republic. 

c. The republic loses the friendship and support of the 

business men and the peasantry. 

d. Main provisions of the constitution. Its defects. 

Why such mistakes? 

e. Louis Napoleon is elected president. 

f. Anti-republican measures of the president and the 

assembly, 1849-1850. 

g. Refusal to revise the constitution. 

C. Coup d'etat of Dec. 2. 1851, and the establishment of the 

Second Empire, Dec. 2, 1852. Lasting results of the 
Revolution of 1848 in France. 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since iSi^. pp. 187-206. 

AnniTioNAL References : — 

Dickinson, Revolution and Reaction in Modern France, 169-220. 
Macdonald. History of France. Ill, 297-319. 

12 



Berry, France Since Waterloo, 148-198. 

Andrews, Historical Development of Modern Europe, I, 320-362; II, 

1-41. 
Seignobos, Political History of Europe Since 1814, 155-173. 

IV. THE SECOND NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE AND THE UNIFI- 
CATION OF ITALY. 

1. The apparently successful years of the Second Empire. 

A. Napoleon Ill's system of government, 1852-1860. 

a. The Legislative Body, its composition and powers. 

b. The Senate. 

c. The Council of State. 

d. The Emperor. 

B. The bases of Napoleon's rule. The policies by which he 

won and planned to keep the throne. 

a. How he won the Clericals. 

b. How he won the manual laboring classes. 

(1) Labor legislation during the Second Empire. 

(2) Wages and the cost of living. Government 
aid to provide the "full dinner pail." 

c. Napoleon's alliance with "Big Business." Govern- 

ment aids to prosperity. 

(1) Railroad building. 

(2) Improvements in navigation facilities. 
(8) Free trade policy and its effects. 

(4) "Le Credit Foncier et le Credit Mobilier." 

d. The new French imperialism. How an aggressive 

colonial policy pleased both the Clericals and the 
Bourgeoisie. 

e. Objects of Napoleon's foreign policy. The Crimean 

War and its results. 

2. Preparations for the unification of Italy. 

A. The materials available in 1850. 

a. King Victor Emmanuel II. His character and ability. 

b. Count Camillo di Cavour. His character and ability. 

His career previous to 1850. 

c. The Kingdom of Sardinia and its people. 

(1) The Constitutional Charter of 1849. The 
system of government. 

(2) The character, wealth, and population of the 
four different geographical parts into which 
the kingdom was divided. 

B. Cavour's policies of preparation. 

a. Military and naval development. 

b. Economic development. Arguments for and against 

Cavour's policy. 

c. Political parties and Cavour's management of them. 

13 



d. The struggle with the Church. 

(1) Causes. Was it inevitable? Why? 

(2) The passage of the bill for the regulation of 
the monasteries. 

(a) Terms of the bill. 

(b) Arguments pro and con. 

(c) The ministerial crisis. Why? Results? 

(d) The settlement. 

(3) Results of the struggle. Other anti-clerical 
legislation passed before and after. 

e. Participation in the Crimean War. 

(1) Objects. What excuse did Sardinia have for 
fighting Russia? 

(2) Arguments against participation. What se- 
curity had Cavour for the attainment of the 
objects for which he entered the war? 

(3) What Cavour gained at the Congress of 
Paris, 1856. 

3. The struggle for Italian unity. 

A. Cavour's negotiations with Napoleon III. The agreement 

of Plombieres. Why Napoleon was willing to engage 
in this conspiracy. 

B. How Cavour brought on the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859. 

a. Dangers of the Plombieres agreement. How Cavour 

lessened them. 

b. Cavour's policy toward Austria. The speech from 

the throne at Turin early in 1859. 

c. Austria and Sardinia mobilize for war. 

d. Russia proposes a European Congress to settle Italian 

affairs. Reasons? Attitude of Napoleon III? 
Why? Eflfects on Cavour? 

e. Cavour consents to the English proposition for a con- 

gress. Danger of this to Cavour's plans. 

f. How Cavour was saved from these dangers. Euro- 

pean opinion of the situation. 

C. The Austro-Sardinian War. 

a. The Austrians lose their advantage at the beginning 

of the war. 

b. The battles of Magenta and Solferino, June 4 and 14, 

1859. 

c. Effects of these victories. 

d. The preliminaries of peace made at Villafranca, July 

11, by Napoleon and Francis Joseph. 

(1) Provisions. Effect on Cavour's plans. 

(2) Why Napoleon deserted his ally. 

(3) Why Francis Joseph was willing to make 
peace. 

(4) Cavour resigns his office in despair. 

14 



D. Italy works out the union alone. Tuscany, Modena, Parma, 

and the Romagna annexed to Piedmont. 

a. Cavour, as a private citizen, instigates the establish- 

ment of independent governments in the Central 
Italian States. 

b. Another European Congress proposed. Attitude of 

Napoleon and of England. Objects of those 
powers. 

c. Cavour signs the treaty ceding Savoy and Nice, 

March 24. 1860. 

(1) Objections to this policy. Dangers of the 
situation. 

(2) Was it necessary to give these provinces to 
France ? 

(3) Why Cavour did it with apparent willingness. 

d. The annexations in Northern Italy. Plebiscites al- 

most unanimous for the change (March 11-12, 
1860). Later plebiscites in Savoy and Nice like- 
wise favor the annexation to France. Why? 

E. The annexations in the South. 

a. Garibaldi and the Sicilian expedition. 

(1) Previous career and character of Garibaldi. 

(2) Objects of the expedition. 

(3) Cavour's attitude toward the project. Why? 

(4) Brilliant success of the expedition. 

(5) Why Napoleon did not keep Garibaldi from 
crossing over to the Neapolitan mainland. 

b. Piedmont intervenes. 

(1) Reasons for the intervention. 

(2) Victor Emmanuel's armies takes possession 
of Umbria and the Marches. 

(3) Position of Garibaldi. How he was induced 
to give it up. 

(4) The Italian Parliament and the people of the 
Mainland and Sicily vote for annexation. 

(5) The Kingdom of Naples falls and the Italian 
Kingdom is proclaimed. 

F. The Kingdom still incomplete. The question of Rome. 

Cavour's policy. 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe since 1813, pp. 205-239; Hayes, Political and Social 
History of Modern Europe. II, 149-175 ; A. D. White, Seven 
Great Statesmen, 344-388 ; Macdonald, History of France. Ill, 
321-344. 

For fuller accounts see Countess Martinengo Cesaresco, Cavour, pp. 

55-220; Cesaresco, The Liberation of Italy; King, Italian Unity, 

I, 385-416, II, 1-181 ; and Thayer, Life and Times of Cavour (in 

two volumes). Trevelyan has written several very interesting 

15 



books about Garibaldi's exploits, e. g. Garibaldi and the Thousand, 
Garibaldi and the Making of Italy, and Garibaldi's Defense of 
the Roman Republic. 

V. PRUSSIA AND GERMANY, 1849-1867. BISMARCK AND THE 
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY. 

1. The reaction in Prussia and Germany after the Revolutions of 

1848. 

A. Prussia a constitutional but not a parliamentary state. 

Individual freedom greatly infringed. 

B. Methods of the reactionary governments. 

2. Preparation for tlie unification of Germany under Prussian 

leadership. 

A. The Zollverein and its unifying influences. 

B. Economic transformation of the country. 

a. Rapid growth of industrialism after 1850. Effects. 

b. Rise of a wealthy middle class. Its progressive in- 

fluence. 

C. Marked change in the character of German intellectual 

activity. 

D. Influence of events in Italy on German opinion. 

E. The reform of the Prussian army and the struggle between 

Crown and Parliament. 

a. Character, aims, and previous careers of the two great 

leaders of German unity. 

(1) King William I. (2) Otto von Bismarck- 
Schonhausen. 

b. Defects of the Prussian military system. How the 

need for reform was clearly shown. Proposals of 
the Prince Regent and his military advisers. 

c. The attitude of the majority in the Abgeordnetenhaus 

toward military reform. Why? Extent to which 
the Fortschrittspartei was supported by the Prus- 
sian people. Was this Progressive Party right in 
its policy? (Compare this struggle between Crown 
and Parliament with that between Charles I and 
the English Parliament.) 

d. Bismarck becomes chief minister of Prussia, Sep- 

tember, 1862. 

(1) Purpose of the king in appointing him. Dif- 
ficulty of his position. 

(2) His constitutional views. How he dealt with 
the majority in the Lower House. 

F. How the foreign policy of Prussia paved the way for the 

three wars, of unification. 

a. Prussian policy in the Crimean War and the Austro- 

Sardinian War. 

b. Objects of Bismarck's foreign policy, 1862-1866. 

c. Relations with Russia. 

16 



d. Influence of the Polish Revolt of 1863. How it com- 

plicated the situation. How Bismarck turned it to 
his own advantage. 

e. Relations with France. 
The struggle with Austria. 

A. The war for Schleswig-Holstein, 1864. 

a. Causes and events leading to the dispute. The Lon- 

don Protocol of 1852. 

b. The Danish constitution of 1863. 

c. The policy demanded by German opinion. Why Bis- 

marck disliked this. 

d. Bismarck's plan to use the Schleswig-Holstein inci- 

dent for his own purposes. 

e. Austria and Prussia make war on Denmark. Why 

the powers allowed this. Result. 

B. How Bismarck used the Schleswig-Holstein affair to bring 

about war with Austria. 

a. The problem of disposing of the spoils. 

(1) German opinion. 

(2) Bismarck's plan. His treatment of the Duke 
of Augustenburg. 

b. The treaty of Gastein. Provisions and their effects 

on Austrian influence in Germany. Why Austria 
did not fight in 1865. Was there good cause? 

c. How Bismarck's diplomacy isolated Austria. 

(1) Negotiations and agreements with Napoleon 
HI. Napoleon's plan. 

(2) Negotiations with Italy. The treaty of 
alliance. 

(3) How the Austrians blundered in their 
diplomacy. 

(4) How the neutrality of the other powers was 
secured. 

d. Bismarck proposes a reform of the Confederation. 

Terms. 

e. Austria violates the Treaty of Gastein. June 1, 1866. 

How ? Why ? Resul.ts ? 
C. The Austro-Prussian War. June 16-July 26, 1866. 

a. Prospects. 

(1) The alignment of states. 

(2) Superiority of the Prussians. Pre-eminence 
of General von Moltke. 

b. The campaigns. 

(1) The conquest of North Germany. 

(2) The invasion of Bohemia. 

(3) The campaign in Italy. 

(4) Defeat of the South German states; 

c. Why the Prussians won. 

17 



d. The diplomacy which ended the war. 

(1) The terms of peace offered to Austria. Why 
Bismarck made them so lenient. 

(2) The negotiations with Napoleon. 

(a) His threats of intervention and their 
effects. 

(b) The treaty providing compensation for 
France which was prepared but not 
signed. 

(3) Bismarck's policy toward the other German 
states. 

(a) Those of the North, (b) Those of 
the South. Why? (c) The Tsar's objec- 
jections. How satisfied. 
D. Formation of the North German Confederation — the chief 
result of the war. 

a. Bismarck applies for and receives an act of indemnity 

for his unconstitutional acts of 1862-18r!6. Signifi- 
cance and results. 

b. The Constitution of the Confederation. 

(1) How it was made. 

(2) Its main features. The Bundesrath. The 
Reichstag. The dominance of Prussia. 

(3) Illiberal features. Why Bismarck insisted on 
them. 

c. Alliance with the South German States. 

d. Consolidation of the institutions of the new federal 

state. 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since iSt^, pp. 240-271 ; Hayes, Political and Social 
History of Modem Europe, II, 180-195 ; A. D. White. Sevefi 
Great Statesmen, 391-444. 

Additional References : — 

(1) Headlam, Bismarck (Heroes of the Nations Series), pp. 162-314. 

(2) Stearns, Life of Bismarck, 49-143. 

(3) Lowe, Bismarck, 1-115, and Munroe Smith, Bismarck and Ger- 

man Unity, 1-42. 

VI. THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. 
THE COMPLETION OF GERMAN AND ITALIAN 
UNITY. 

1. Causes which weakened Napoleon's liold on France and led to 
the decline of his empire. 

A. Disastrous effects of the Italian War. 

B. The Reciprocity Treaty with England. 

C. The imperial policy becomes more liberal. Increase of the 

powers of Parliament. 
18 



D. His attitude toward the Polish Revolution of 18(53. 

E. The Mexican Expedition. 

a. Causes. Napoleon's purposes. 

b. Events. 

c. Disastrous outcome of this adventure. Effects on 

Napoleon's foreign policy. 

F. Establishment of liberal institutions at home. Reasons for 

the adoption of this policy. 

a. Right of interpellation granted. 

b. Emergence of Gambetta. His views. 

c. Rise of the Third Party. 

d. The Senatus Consultum of April 20, 1870. The new 

constitution ratified by a plebiscite, May, 1870. 
The causes leading to the Franco-German War. 

A. Napoleon's blundering diplomacy (1865-1867) enrages the 

Germans, while if secures no real advantage for France, 
and allows the establishment of another great military 
state directly adjoining France. 

B. Desire of Bismarck and the National Liberals for the 

completion of German national unity. Why a cause of 
war? 

C. Activity of the Ultramontane Party. 

D. Agitation of the "jingo" press and ministers who desired 

war (in both countries). 

E. Diplomatic jugglery by which the war was brought on. 

a. Candidacy of Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern, for 

the throne of Spain. Napoleon's attitude. Atti- 
tude of the Prince himself. Why the offer was 
finally accepted. 

b. Bismarck's plan for making this candidacy work to 

the disadvantage of Napoleon. How and why it 
failed. 

c. Napoleon demands and secures the withdrawal of the 

Prince of Hohenzollern as a candidate for the 
throne of Spain. Why? Significance? 

d. The foolish demand of the Duke of Grammont. The 

meeting at Ems. 

e. The Ems Telegram and its effects. 
The Franco-German War. 

A. The rapid campaign culminating in the surrender at Sedan, 

September 2, 1870. Reasons for the decisive German 
victories. 

B. Why no peace or even an armistice was made in September. 

C. The second part of the war, September 2, 1870 — January 

28, 1871. 

a. Activity of the Government of National Defense. 

b. Fall of Strassburg and Metz. 

c. Siege of Paris. 

d. Arrnistice of Versailles, January 28, 1871. 

19 



T). The Treaty of Frankfort, February 26, 1871. 

a. Authorization of France to make a treaty. 

b. The negotiations. Were the German demands ex- 

cessive? 

c. Terms of the treaty. 
E. Results of the war. 

a. The completion of German unity. 

(1) Coronation of Wihiam I as Emperor of Ger- 

many at Versailles, January 18, 1871. 

(2) Formation of the German Empire. Terms 

under which the South German States 
entered the union. 

b. The completion of Italian unity. End of the pope's 

temporal power. 

c. The Alsace-Lorraine Question. Desire for revenge 

makes France a bitter enemy of the new Germany. 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since iSij, 272-302; Hayes, Modern Europe, II, 195- 
206, 175-180; A. D. White, Seven Great Statesmen, 445-469; Mac- 
donald, History of France, III, 344-404. 

AniuTioNAL References : — 

( 1 ) Headlam, Bismarck, 315-376. 

(2) Stearns, Life of Bismarck, 173-246. 

(2) Lowe, Bismarck, IKi-l.'^S and Munroe Smith, Bismarck, 43-61. 

VII. SOCIAL FORCES IN RECENT EUROPEAN HISTORY. 

1. Influence of Middle Class Democracy. 

A. Triumph of the principles of the French Revolution ; — 

Nationalism, Constitutionalism, and Social Equality. 

B. Changed relations of other classes to the middle class. 

a. Nobles. 

b. Peasantry. 

c. Artisans. 

C. Summary of the chief characteristics of the bourgeois era, 

1871-1914. 

2. Beginnings of the conflict between Democracy and Clericalism. 

A. Why such a conflict was likely to be less sharp in 

Protestant countries. 

B. Reasons why a conflict was likely in Catholic countries. 

a. Effects of the Revolution on the Church. 

(1) Special rights and privileges largely swept 

away. 

(2) Restoration of the system of "enlightened 

despotism" and the Gallican Church by 
Napoleon I. Effects. 
20 



(H) Religious settlements in 1815. 

(a) In Spain, Portugal, and the Italiart 

States. 

(b) In Austria and France. 

(c) In the German States. 

(4) The Rise of Ultramontanism. How was this 

a result of the Revolution? 

(5) Rise of a Liberal Catholic party. Its work 

and the attitude of the popes toward it. 

b. Effects of the Revolution of 1848. 

(1) The Church is led to adopt the methods of 

democratic political propaganda. 

(2) Growth of ecclesiastical influence, resulting 

in: — 

(a) Increased liberty of education — 

growth of Catholic schools. 

(b) Favorable concordats negotiated with 

several countries. 

(c) Extension of Catholic influence in 

Protestant countries. 

(3) Pope Pius IX becomes the bulwark of con- 

servatism in Europe. 

c. Hostility of the Papacy to bourgeois democratic gov- , 

ernments and ideals. The Encyclical "Quanta 
Cura" and the Syllabus of Errors, 1864. 

d. Growth of the papal absolute power over the Church. 

(1) Promulgation of the dogma of the Immacu- 

late Conception of the Virgin, 1854. 

(2) Promulgation of the dogma of Papal In- 

fallibility, 1871. 

(a) Why desired by the pope. 

(b) How consent was secured from the 

clergy. Procedure at the Vatican 
council. 

(c) Results. Attitude of the secular 

governments in countries where 
Catholics were numerous. 

e. The loss of the temporal power. 

(1) How brought about. 

(2) Attitude of the pope. 

(3) Effects of the loss. 
The new science of the nineteenth century. 

A. Modern emphasis on applied science. 

B. Discoveries in the realm of geology and their effects on 

modern ideas. 

C. Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species by Means of 

Natural Selection and Wallace's Contributions to the 
Theory of Natural Selection and their influence. 
21 



D. Herbert Spencer and his Synthetic Philosophy. Thomas 

Huxley's works. 

E. Ernest Renan and the "Higher Criticism." 

F. The Atomic Theory. Important discoveries in the realms 

of chemistry, physics, and astronomy, e. g. in connec- 
tion with light, electricity, radio-activity, etc. 

G. Tile Cell Theory, and the very important series of dis- 

coveries in the biological sciences. Vaccination, 
anaesthetics, bacteria, etc. 

4. Reactions of the new scientific discoveries upon Christianity. 

A. General opposition of the clergy of various churches to 

such teachings as those of Darwin, and of Renan and 
the "Higher Critics." 

B. Many Protestants compromise between science and religion, 

with some exceptions such as the leaders of the "Ox- 
ford Movement". 

C. Reasons for acute conflict in Catholic countries between 

Clericalism and Anti-Clericalism. 

a. Tendency of the clergy to question the practical su- 

premacy of the secular governments. 

b. Revival of Clericalism under the able leadership of 

Pope Leo XHI. 

(1) Catholic attitude toward Darwinism. 

(2) Catholicism and experimental science. Louis 

Pasteur and Gregor Mendel. 

(3) Political views of Leo XHL 

(4) Leo Xni's attitude toward the workingmen 

The encyclical "Rerum Novarum", 1891. 

c. The Modernist Movement and the attitude of Pope 

Pius X toward it. 

(1) Apparent liberality of Pius's views when he 

became pope. His character. 

(2) What the Modernist Party want. Their 

methods of work. 

(3) Pius X's Encyclical against Modernism, 1907. 

Its substance and effects. 

(4) Present status of the movement. 
References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe. II, 2n-252; 
Seignobos, Political History of Europe since 1814, 684-716 ; Rob- 
inson and Beard, Development of Modern Europe, II, 405-421 ; 
either The Outlook, September-December, 1907, pp. 564-565, 515- 
516, 148-149, 843-845; or The Independent. Nov. 1907, pp. 1323-1325, 
764 fif. 

Further references to the Modernist controversy may be found 
in Hibbert Journal, January 1908, pp. 241-279, Nineteenth Century 

22 



and After, Dec. IfllO, pp. 1087-1101: and Edinburgh Review, vol. 
205, pp. 78-100 and vol. 214, pp. 269-292. 

5. Rise and spread of trade unions. 

A. The beginnings of the movement in England. Methods of 

organization. What they worked for. Socialistic ten- 
dencies of the English unions in politics. 

B. Trade unions in France, Germany, and other countries. 

C. The cooperative movement led by the trade unionists. 

6. Karl Alarx and modern Socialism. 

A. The beginnings of Socialism. Fourier, Babeuf, Robert 

Owen, and Louis Blanc. 

B. The career, teachings, and influence of Karl Marx. Or- 

ganization of the "International." 

C. Organization of national socialist parties. The work of 

Ferdinand Lasalle. 

D. Division of the growing socialists into strict followers of 

Marx and "Revisionists". Chief differences of views 
between the two groups. 

7. Anarchism and syndicalism. 

A. Origins of modern anarchism. 

B. Career and teachings of Proudhon. Differences between 

anarchism and socialism. 

C. Career and teachings of Mikhail Bakunin. Why workmen 

were little inclined to become anarchists. 

D. Rise of syndicalism, the most recent form of revolutionary 

anarchism. What the Syndicalists teach. Extent of 
their success. 
References :— 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 252-271 ; 
Robinson and Beard, Development of Modern Europe, II, 382-405. 



VIII. GREAT BRITAIN SINCE 1866. 

1. The period of rivalry between Gladstone and Disraeli. 

A. The Parliamentary Reform Act of 1867. 

a. Causes leading to its passage. 

b. Disraeli's conservative principles. Why his followers 

were willing to pass a reform bill. 

c. Its provisions and effects. 

B. The work of Gladstone's first ministry, 1868-1874. 

a. Career of Gladstone up to 1868. His personality, 

character, and ideals. 

b. Grievances of Ireland which cried aloud for redress. 

History of these grievances since 1815. 

c. The Irish Church Act of 18G9 and its effects. 

23 



d. The first Irish Land Act, 1870. 

(1) Grievous need of reform in the land system. 

(2) Provisions of the bill. Arguments against it 

and in its support. 

(3) Effects. Why disappointing? 

e. The Elementary Education Act, 1870. 

(1) The need of it. 

(2) Provisions of the bill. Settlement of the 

problem of religious instruction. 

(3) Criticisms of the act. 

, f. Oxford and Cambridge opened to Catholics and Dis- 
senters, 1871. 
g. Army reforms and civil service reform, 
h. The Ballot Act of 1872. 
i. The Judicature Act, 1873. 

C. Causes leading to the defeat of Gladstone and his resigna- 

tion. 

a. Friends alienated by his measures. 

b. The Irish University Bill. 

c. Gladstone's foreign policy. 

D. Disraeli's ministry, 1874-1880. 

a. His character, personality, and ideals. 

b. The work of the ministry. 

c. Causes of its fall. 

E. Gladstone's second ministry, 1880-1885. 

a. The Irish Land Act of 1881. 

(1) Why needed. 

(2) Provisions and effects. 

b. Coercion Acts for Ireland. 

c. Parliamentary Reform .Act of 1884-1885. 

(1) Changes in the suffrage qualifications. Effects. 

(2) Redistribution of seats. 

(2) Present status of the suffrage rules and the 
constituencies in Great Britain. 

d. Foreign complications wliich led to the fall of the 

ministry in 1885. 

F. Gladstone's Home Rule ministry, 188G. 

a. Origin and growth of the Home Rule movement. 

b. Why Gladstone adopted the Home Rule policy. 

c. The Home Rule Bill and the Land Purchase Bills. 

Provisions, and probable effects had the bills be- 
come law. 

d. The main arguments for and against the bills. 

e. Defeat of the bills and the breakup of the Liberal 

Party. 
Imperialism and social reforms at home under conservative minis- 
ters, 1886-1905, (excepting only the Gladstone and Rose- 
bery ministry, 1892-1895). 
24 



A. The Salisbury ministry's Irish policy. 

a. Coercion. 

b. Land Purchase Act, 1891. 

B. Reform legislation. 

a. County Councils Act of 1888. 

b. Social legislation. 

C. Foreign policy of Lord Salisbury. 

a. Increase of the navy. 

b. The partition of Africa. 

D. Gladstone's Second Home Rule ministry, 1892-1894. 

a. The Second Home Rule Bill. 

(1) Provisions. 

(2) Criticisms of the bill. 

(3) Fate of the bill. 

b. The Parish Councils Act, 1894. 

c. The Rosebery ministry, 1894-1895. 

E. Reform legislation of the conservatives, 1895-1905. 

a. The Irish Local Government Act, 1898, and Irish Land 

Purchase Act, 1903. 

b. Education Bill of 1902. 

(1) Provisions. 

(2) Was it a reform? 

(3) Effects. 

F. Salisbury's foreign policy. 

a. The Eastern Question and Egypt. 

b. Increase of the navy. 

c. The South African War. 

G. Causes of the fall of the Balfour Cabinet and the decisive 

defeat of the Conservative Party at the election of 1906. 
The social and political reforms carried through by the Liberal 
ministries since 1905. 

A. Workmen's Compensation Act, 1906. 

B. Trade Disputes Act, 1906. 

C. Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1906. 

D. The Small Holdings Act, 1907. 

E. Old Age Pensions Act, 1908. 

F. An Irish University established, 1908. 

G. Labor Exchanges Act. and the Trade Boards Act, 1909. 
H. The Lloyd-George Budget, — the Finance Act, 1909-1910. 

a. Main provisions of Lloyd-George's plan. 

b. Reasons for making these fundamental changes in the 

taxation system of Great Britain. 

c. Arguments against it. Its rejection by the House of 

Lords. 

d. How the Budget was carried through parliament. 
I. The Parliament Act, 1911. 

a. Why the Liberals insisted on it. Reform proposals 
vetoed by the House of Lords since 1906. 
25 



b. Provisions of the bill. Arguments for and against it. 

c. How it was forced through the House of Lords. 

d. Effects. 

J. The National Insurance Act, 1912. 
K. Home Rule for Ireland. 

a. Why forced on the attention of the Liberal Cabinet 

1912. 

b. Conditions in Ireland. Was the need for Home Rule 

as great in 1912 as it was in 1886? Evidences of 
progress in Ireland since 1886. 

c. Main provisions of the Home Rule Bill of 1912. 

d. Attitude of the Ulster Unionists. How this affected 

the international situation in 1914. 

e. Final passage of the bill in 1914. Postponement of 

the date of coming into effect. 

f. The Irish insurrection of April 1916. Effects. 
L. Disestablishment of the Church in Wales, 1912-1914. 

a. Reasons for the bill. Its provisions. 

b. Arguments against it. Its effects. 

M. Further democratic reforms still demanded. 

a. Reapportionment of the seats in the House of Com- 

mons. 

b. Manhood suffrage. 

c. Abolition of plural voting. 

d. Woman suffrage. 

e. Educational reforms. 

f. Settlement of issues between Capital and Labor. 

The great strikes of 1911 and 1912. Growth of 
syndicalism. Attitude of labor to the war. 
6. Problems of imperial federation. Plans for knitting the empire 
into closer union. The protectionist agitation. 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since J<Si3, 46(1-517 ; Hayes, Political and Social His- 
tory of Moderji Europe, II, 277-:{26. 

AnniTioNAL References : — 
Detailed works. 

Morley, Life of Gladstone. 

Monypenny, Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. 

Lee, Queen Victoria. 

Special Topics : — 

Social Reform and Labor Legislation of the Liberals, 19()r)-1913. 

Hayes, British Social Politics, 20-l:-!0, 185-262 (make selections). 
Orth, Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 2?)l-249. 
Contemporary Reinezv, vol. 101; .380-390; and Fortniyhtly Re- 
view, vol. 91, 264-276; 895-911. 
The Small Holdings Act. 

.'Mden. Democratic England, 238-263. 
26 



Contemporary Rcviciv. vol. \W ; 832-843. 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 71 ; 174-190. (The causes of 

rural depopulation.) 
Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 73; 156 fF. 
Edinburgh Reinczv, vol. 223 ; 337-355. 
The Old Age Pensions Act. 

American Political Science Review, Feb. 1909; 68-73. 
Hayes, British Social Politics, 130-184, especially 157-159, 140-143, 
149-151, and 167-175. 
The Lloyd-George Budget. 

Hayes. British Social Politics, 344-420, especially, 347-380, 406-420. 

Edinburgh Review, vol. 210; 498-518, 255-272. 

Quarterly Review, vol. 211; 203-233, 256-278, 617-638; vol. 212; 

281-308. 
The Britannica Year Book, 1913, pp. 534-536. 

Outlook, vol. 92 ; 149 f¥. and also Nation, Outlook, Review of 
Reviezvs, 1909-1910 (See index under Lloyd-George.) 
The Parliament Act of 1911. 

Hayes, British Social Politics, 421-505. 
North American Reviezv, vol. 191 ; 87-95. 
The Britannica Year Book, 1918, pp. 483-498. 
Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 67; 765-797. 
Atlantic Monthly, vol. 98; 790-796, vol. 105, 128 ff. 
The National Insurance Act. 

Hayes, British Social Politics, 506-572. 

North American Review, vol. 195, 108-119; and American Political 

Science Review, vol. VI, 228-234. 
The Britannica Year Book, 1918, pp. 498-501. 
Fortnightly Review, vol. 92 ; 304-820 ; vol. 93, 465-477. 
Contemporary Review, vol. 102; 158-164; vol. 101, 17-29. 
Improved Conditions in Ireland in Recent Years. 

Dubois; Contemporary Ireland, 1-217, especially 151-217. 

Brooks, Sidney; Aspects of the Irish Question (J. W. Luce, 

Boston). 
Brooks, .S";> Horace Plunket and His Work, in Fortnightly Re- 
view, vol. 91, 1011-1021 ; Crammond, Ireland's Economic De- 
velopment, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 71, 849-852. 
Brooks, Sidney ; The Neiv Ireland — a series of articles in North 
American Reviezv, vol. 187 ; 399-416. 559-568, 712-728, 916-924 ; 
vol. 188; 101-111, 262-272, 440-450, 761-770; vol. 189; 115-126, 
416-427 ; vol. 190 ; 524-534 ; vol. 191 ; 259-272. 

Home Rule for Ireland. The Bill of 1912. 

The Britannica Year Book, 1913, pp. 505-520. 
The International Year Books for 1918-1915. 
Contemporary Rez'iew, vol. 101 ; 618-624. 777-787 ; vol. 102 ; 777- 

789. 
North American Review, vol. 195; 788-802, 
27 



American Review of Reviews, March, 1912, oUo-314, and later 
issues. • 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 73 ; 199-244, 338-354. 

Fortnightly Review, vol. 91 ; 380-895, 1022-1036. 

Edinburgh Review, vol. 216 ; 216-234. 
The Crisis of 1914. The Threatened Rebellion of Ulster. 

Quarterly Review, vol. 220 ; 266-290, 570-590. 

Sidney Brooks; The Problem of Ulster in North American Re- 
view, vol. 198; 617-629. 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 76; 1-12. 

Edinburgh Review, vol. 219 ; 481-502. 

American Review of Reviews, Jan.-July, 1914, and current num- 
bers of such other magazines as The Outlook, The Literary 
Digest, The Independent, etc. 
The Irish Insurrection of April, 1916. 

Edinburgh Review, vol. 224; 114-136; Quarterly Reviezv, vol. 226; 
244-265; Fortnightly Review, vol. 99; 989-996; The Outlook, 
The Independent, The Literary Digest, The Review of Re- 
views, New York Times Current History, etc.. April-June, 
1916. 
Disestablishment of the Church in Wales. 

The Britannica Year Book, 1913, pp. 504-505. 

Contemporary Review, vol. 101 ; 177-197. 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 71; 868-880, l(»98-lin6; vol. 
73, 245-257. 
Electoral Reforms. 

F. D. Ackland, Woman Suffrage, in Contemporary Reviezv, vol. 
103 ; 328-337. 

Sharp, Electoral Reform, in Contemporary Rcviczk.', vol. 102; 824- 
838. 
Recent Conflicts between Capital and Labor in England. 

The Britannica Year Book, 1913, pp. 520-529. 

Quarterly Review, vol. 215 ; 573-598 ; vol. 216 ; 554-573. 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 70; 1005-1021; vol. 71; 609- 
622, 1029-1045; vol. 72; 913-929. 

Fortnightly Review, vol. 90; 381-390, 1097-1110; vol. 91 ; 235-247. 

Orth, Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 207-231. 

IX. FRANCE UNDER THE THIRD REPUBLIC. 
1. The period of the monarchist control, 1870-1879. 

A. The Bordeaux Assembly. Composition and the character 

of its government. 

B. The Paris Commune of 1871. 

a. Causes of its establishment. 

b. Aims and policies of the Communards. 

c. The Second Siege of Paris. 

d. Results. Why the Commune failed. 



C. The work of reconstruction of France. 

a. Difficulties. 

b. Thiers made parliamentary president by the Rivet 

Law, 1871. 
c. Work of Thiers's government. 

(1) Liberation of the territory. 

(2) Reform of local government. 
(8) Military reforms. 

D. Conflicts over the form of government. 

a. Likelihood of the establishment of a monarchy. 

What prevented it? 

b. Procrastination of the assembly. Its policy toward 

the republicans. What led the members to act. • 

c. Form of government established by the fundamental 

laws of 1875. 

(1) The Senate and Chamber of Deputies. 

Method of choice. 
(1) The President. Method of election, term, 

powers, etc. 

(3) The position and powers of the ministry. 

(4) Monarchical tendencies of this constitution. 

d. The struggle for the republic under President 

MacMahon. 

(1) Policy of MacMahon. What classes sup- 

ported him ? 

(2) The election of 1877. Issues, outcome, and 

results. 

(3) Resignation of MacMahon, 1879. Reasons. 

Significance. 

2. Republican legislation — the main policies of the republican 

leaders, 1879-1886. 

A. Position of the president since 1879. 

B. Personality and character of Gambetta and Ferry. Their 

aims and work. 

a. Legislation increasing individual liberty and local self- 

government. 

b. Creation of a national educational system. 

c. Revision of the constitution, 1884. 

d. Colonial expansion. The existing colonial system 

and its expansion since 1871. Reason for this. 
Results. 

3. Episodes in the history of the republic. 

A. The Boulanger Episode. 

a. Causes of discontent with the republic and general 

unrest. 

b. Character, personality, and aims of Boulanger. His 

leading friends. 

c. How the republic weathered the crisis. 

d. Changed conditions which strengthened the republic. 

29 



B. The Dreyfus Affair. 

a. The events. Trial and sentence of Captain Dreyfus, 

1894. 

b. Agitation for reopening the case led by Picquart, 

Zola, etc. 

c. Second trial of Dreyfus, 1899. 

d. His vindication, 1906. 

e. Significance of the case. Why it was a vital question 

in France for so many years. 
Recent problems in French politics. 

A. Party government in France. 

a. Multiplicity of parties. Frequency of ministerial 

changes. 

b. The various parties, the principles, and their ap- 

proximate strength. 

c. Main features of party history since 1871. In- 

portance of the "Bloc" since 1898. 

d. Proportional representation and its possibilities. 

e. Criticisms of modern French politics and political 

leaders. Are conditions such as to indicate de- 
cadence or progress in France? 

B. Separation of Church and State. 

a. Indirect causes. 

(1) Summary of relations between Cluirch and 

State, 1789-1848. 

(2) Church and State during the Second Repub- 

lic and the Second Empire. The Falloux 
Law, facilitating the growth of clerical 
control over education. 

(3) The Church fights the republic, openly. 1870- 

1893, and secretly since then, it is alleged. 
Evidence. 

(4) The influence of the Roman mentality. 

b. Immediate causes. 

(1) The Dreyfus Affair and the formation of 

the "Bloc." 

(2) Growth and activity of the religious orders. 

(3) The Law of Associations, 1901, and its effects. 

(4) The Education Law of 1904. 

(5) Petty quarrels with the Pope. 

c. The Separation Law of 1905. 

(1) Provisions. 

(2) Attitude of the pope. Why? 

(3) The law of January, 1907. 

d. Results of the separation of Church and State. 

e. Attitude of the French people toward religion. 

f. Primary and secondary education in France. 

30 



C. The growth of socialism and industrial unrest. Socialistic 

legislation of the public. 

a. Growth and activity of the "Syndicats" (labor 

unions) since 1884. 

b. The Confederation Generate du Travail (the C. G. 

T.) and the recent strikes in France. 

(1) The organization and character of the 

C. G. T. 

(2) Its methods. New principles. Growth of 

"syndicalism." Compare with the I. W. 
W. in the United States. 

(3) The great strike of the post-office employes, 

1909. 

(4) The great railway strike of 191(1. Objects 

and methods. How defeated. 

c. Growth of the socialist political groups since 1870. 

Their leaders and principles. Their present 
strength in the Chamber of Deputies. 

d. Socialistic and reformatory legislation passed or pro- 

jected, especially: 

(1) Nationalization of railways. 

(2) Old Age Pensions, etc. 

e. The future of socialism in France. 

D. French foreign policy since 1870 (to be considered in de- 

tail later.) 

E. Ought the French people to be pessimistic about the future 

of France? Is France decadent? 

a. Evidence of decadence : — 

(1) Failure of the population to increase. Causes 

and extent. Comparisons with other 
countries. 

(2) Prevalence of alcoholism. 

(3) Prevalence of crime. 

(4) Functionarism and political "graft." 

(5) Growth of atheism. 

b. Evidence of progress : — 

(1) True significance of a stationary population. 

(2) Economic and social progress. Great in- 

crease in wealth. 

(3) Educational progress. 

(4) Efforts to remedy the evils above named. 

(5) The new spirit in France in recent years. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since 1815, 328-375 ; Hayes, Modern Europe, II," 331- 
367; and either of the following: — 

(1) Berry, France Since Waterloo, 249-325. 

(2) Cambridge Modern History XII, 91-133. 

31 



Additional References : — 
Party Government. 

Ogg, Governments of Europe, 311-314, 329-334, 319-324. 
George, France in the Twentieth Century, 79-122. 
Garner, Cabinet Government in France, in American Political 
Science Revietv, vol. VIII, 353-374. 
Recent Elections. 

The Election of iQio, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 88, 148-159. 
Walsh, Through the French General Election of 1914, in Fort- 
nightly Review, vol. 95; 1097-1108. 
Separation of Church and State. 

Bracq, France under the Third Republic, 252-332, 74-90, 212-251. 
Galton, Church and State in France, 201-268. 

Guerlac, Church and State in France, in Political Science Quar- 
terly, vol. 23, 259-296. 
Berry, France Since Waterloo, 326-368. 
George, France in the Twentieth Century, 123-151, 264-288. 
The Separation Law of 1905. 

Arguments for the Government : — 

Atlantic Monthly, vol. 98, 182-193, vol. 100, 266-277. 
Political Science Quarterly, vol. 23, 259-296. 
Arguments for the Pope : — 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 61, 933-949; vol. 62, 

142-155. 
Atlantic Monthly, vol. 101, 512-523. 
Religious Belief of the French People. 

Bracq, France under the Republic, 174-189. 

Wendell, France of To-day, 239-291. 

A. L. Lilley, The Religion of the Frenchman, in Contemporary 

Review, vol. 102, 183-192. 
Sabatier, France of To-day; Its Religious Orientation. 
The School Question in France. 

Bracq, France under the Republic, 74-90, 212-251. 
North American Review, vol. 192, 645-656. 
La Revue, vol. 84, 145-180. 
Socialism and Industrial Unrest in France. 

Orth, Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 75-117. 
George. France in the Twentieth Century, 152-199. 
Bracq, France under the Third Republic, 136-173. 
Guerard, French Civilization in the Nineteenth Century, 205-218. 
Cambridge Modern History, XII, 123-128. 
The C. G. T. and the Recent Strikes. 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 68 ; pp. 780-790. 
Atlantic Monthly, vol. 104, 251-254. 
Revue des Deux Mondes, vol. 60, 229-237, 469 ff. 
Contemporary Review, vol. 98, 558-565. 
32 



The Old Age Pensions and Other Social Reforms. 

Perkins, The French Old Age Pensiotis Act of 1910, in American 

Political Science Revieiv, IV, 565-569. 
Ogg, Social Progress in Contemporary Europe, 279-283. 
Nationalization of French Railways. 

Leroy-Beaulieu, Public Ownership in France, in North American 
Review, vol. 197, 205-311. 
Is France Decadent? 

Pessimistic Views : — ■ 

North American Review, vol. 191 ; pp. 168-184. 
Contemporary Review, vol. 99, (Jan. 1911, Literary Supple- 
ment, p. 14). 
Alcide Ebray, La France qui meurt. 
Faguet, The Cult of Incompetence. 
Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 67; pp. 651-662. 
Optimistic Views : — 

Bracq, France under the Republic, 30-90, 136-155, 190-211. 
North American Review, vol. 192 ; 645-656 ; vol. 195 ; 343-355. 
Barker, France of the French, 6-25, 217-262. 
Brooks, France and the Republic, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 

92, 504-516. 
George, France in the Twentieth Century, 243-263, 305-364. 
Eltzbacher, The Agricultural Prosperity of France, in Con- 
temporary Review, vol. 88; 729-751. 
Chatterton-Hall, The Reawakening of France, in Nineteenth 

Century and After, vol. 74; 11-37. 
Dimnet, E., France Herself Again. 
Dell, The Spirit of France, in Contemporary Review, vol. 

107; 19-28. 
Dimnet, France and Her Future, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 

76; 13-50. 
Financial Power of France, in Contemporary Review, vol. 

105; pp. Ill fif. 
Gosse, The Unity of France, in Edinburgh Reviezv, vol. 223; 

1-20. 
Milne, The Spirit of France, in Fortnightly Reinew, vol. 99; 
699-708. 

X. THE SOUTH EUROPEAN STATES SINCE 1870. 
1. The Kingdom of Italy since 1870. 

A. Difficulties confronting the new kingdom. 

a. Differences between North and South. 

b. Lack of experience in self-government. 

c. Dense ignorance of the population. 

d. The question of the Papacy. 

e. Burden of debt, poverty of the country, and crush- 

ing weight of necessary taxation, 
3 33 



B. Government and politics. 

a. The institutions of government. 

b. The main parties and their principles since 1870. 

c. Extent of progress made in the direction of true rep- 

resentative government. Extension of the suffrage. 

C. Relations between the Pope and the Italian Kingdom. 

a. Independence of the Pope. The law of Papal Guar- 

antees. 

b. Attitude of the Pope toward the Kingdom. 

D. Signs of progress in Italy. 

a. Economic and social progress. 

(1) Growth of industries and increase of wealth. 

(2) Growth of population. 

(3) Surpluses in government treasury. 

b. Growth of education. 

c. Social reform measures. 

E. Growth of socialism and industrial imrest in Italy. 

F. Foreign policy. 

a. Italy enters the Triple Alliance, 1882. Effects. 

b. Colonial expansion. 

(1) Crispi and the Abyssinian Campaign. 

(2) The War for Tripoli, 1911-1912. 

c. Italy's policies in the great war of 1914. 

2. Spain since 1820. 

A. From monarchy to republic. Summary of political history 

to 1874. 

B. Political history since 1875. The constitution of 1876. The 

system of government and its operation since then. 

C. Problems of modern Spain. Signs of progress. 

a. Loss of the American colonies. 

b. Social and economic problems. 

c. Problem of dense popular ignorance. 

d. Relations between Church and State. 

e. Growth of socialism and anarchism. 

3. Portugal since 1807. 

A. History of the monarchy. 

B. The new Portugese Republic. 

a. Causes of the revolution. 
b.' Prospects of the new government. 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since 1S15, 376-387, 564-578; Hayes, Political and 
Social History of Modern Europe, II. .■^)(i7-389. 

AimiTioNAL References : — 

Italy. 

Cambridge Modern History XII, 213-242. 
King and Okey, Italy To-day. 
Bagot, R., The Italians of To-day. 
Deecke, Italy. 

34 



Economic Progress in Italy. 

Nineteenth Century and After, vol. 71, 148-1G4; King and Okey, 
Italy To-day, chapter 7. 
German Economic Penetration in Italy. 

Ball, German Methods in Italy in Quarterly Review, vol. 224, 
136-149 ; Gray, Italy in the Clutches of Germany, in Fort- 
nightly Review, vol. 98, (J79-(J84 ; Quarterly Review, vol 224 ; 
248-265. 
The War for Tripoli. 

Contemporary Revieiv, February 1912 and later discussions in 
the same review under the heading, "Foreign Affairs," by 
E. J. Dillon. 

Nineteenth Century, vol. 71, 1216-1229. 
Spain. 

Cambridge ^Modern History XII, 2-57-272. 

Westminster Review, April 1911. 418-434. 

Perkins, Social and Economic Problems of Modern Spain, in 
Political Science Quarterly, vol. 27, 92-108. 

Quarterly Review, vol. 208, 1-23. 

Nineteenth Century, vol. 73; 659-666. 
The Portugese Republic. 

Contemporary Reviezv, November 1910, 513-534, and under "For- 
eign Affairs." 

Fortnightly Review, November 1910, 772-779. 

P. Gibbs, The Tyranny in Portugal, in Contemporary Review, 
105. (Jan. 1914), pp. 30-38. 

XI. THE GERMAN EMPIRE SINCE 1870. 

1. The governments of Germany. 

A. The imperial government. 

a. The Emperor and his ministers. 

b. The Bundesrath. 

c. The Reichstag. 

d. Illiberal features of the system. 

B. The governments of the separate states. 

a. Prussia. 

(1) The King and his ministers. 

(2) The Herrenhaus. 

(3) The Abgeordnetenhaus. 

(4) Local government. 

(5) Illiberal features. 

b. Bavaria. 

c. Saxony, Wurtemburg, Baden, and the lesser states. 

C. Prospects of political reform. 

a. Electoral reform in Prussia. 

b. Redistribution of seats in the Reichstag and the Prus- 

sian Landtag. 
C. Demand for ministerial responsibility. 
35 



Rise of the great national parties, and the main political issues, 
1871-1890. 

A. The period 1871-1878. 

a. The main parties, their principles, and their ap- 

. proximate strength. 

b. The main issue — the Kulturkampf. 

(1) Causes and character. 

(2) The purposes and character of the anti- 

clerical legislation. 

(3) Effects of this legislation. Why Bismarck 

decided to give up this policy. 

c. Liberal legislation of the period. 

B. The period, 1878-1890. 

a. The main parties, their principles, and their ap- 

proximate strength. 

b. Bismarck and the policy of protective tariffs. 

(1) Reasons which led him to favor this policy. 

(2) Extent to which it has been adopted. 

(3) Effects. 

c. Bismarck and socialism. 

(1) Early history of German socialism. Fer- 

dinand Lassalle and his work. Karl Marx, 
his theories, and his work. 

(2) Bismarck's motives in attacking socialism. 
(.'?) His anti-socialist legislation and its effects. 

(4) Social reform legislation passed under 

Bismarck. 

(a) Reasons for Bismarck's support of 

this legislation. 

(b) The Sickness Insurance Law. 

(c) The Accident Insurance Law. 

(d) The Old Age Pension Law. 

(e) Effects of this legislation. 

d. Disputes over the army — the "Military Septennate." 

e. The beginning of colonial expansion. 

(1) Why Germany had no colonies. 

(2) Bismarck's early policy. 

(3) Germany's need for colonies. 

(4) Character and extent of her colonial empire 

in 1914. Its value and effects on German 
development. 
German development and problems since 1890. 

A. Character and policies of Kaiser Wilhelm II. 

B. Growth of German industry and commerce. 

a. The industrial and agricultural sections of Germany. 

Character and numbers of the population in the 
various sections. 

b. The growth of the great German industries. Loc^i- 

tion, character, and importance, 
36 



c. German foreign trade and mercantile marine. 

d. Causes of the rapid growth of German trade and 

commerce. Why the German so often is able to 
get the best of his competitors. 

e. Organization of industrial corporations in Germany — 

the Syndicates. 

C. State Socialism in Germany. 

a. Social reform projects undertaken by the govern- 

ment and in prospect. 

b. What the German cities do for the people — munici- 

pal socialism. 

c. State enterprises. 

(l)Transportation. (2) Industry. (S) Agriculture 
and forestry. 

D. The Social Democratic Party and its work. 

a. Voting strength and representation in the Reichstag 

in the past two decades. 

b. Reasons for its growth. 

c. Demands of the party. Extent to which its leaders 

are breaking away from the Marxian dogmas. 

d. Socialism and the labor unions. 

(1) History of trade unionism in Germany. 

(2) Character and strength of the unions. Their 

methods and influence. 

(3) Connection of the unions with the Social 

Democratic Party. 

E. German military and naval strength. 

a. Growth of. the army. Its state of efficiency. The 

great increase of 1913. 

b. Rapid growth of the navy since 1900. 

(1) Causes. Was it necessary? 

(2) Present and probable future strength. 

(3) Effects. 

c. The cost of empire. The revenues of the empire and 

of the separate states. Character and weight of 
taxation. Rapid growth of the imperial debt. 
Prospects. 

F. German foreign policy in recent years (to be considered 

in detail in a later topic). 
References : — 

Hazen, Europe' Since 1815, 303-328 ; Hayes, Political and Social His- 
tory of Modern Europe, II, 397-426; The Cambridge Modern 
History, XII, 134-173. 
Four excellent surveys of recent German development are Dawson, 
Evolution of Modern Germany; Barker, Modern Germany; Fife, 
The German Em^pire Between Two Wars; and Von Biilow, 
Imperial Germany. More special works are referred to under 
the following special topics. 
37 



Special Topics : — 

The Governments of Germany. 

Ogg, Governments of Europe, 202-225, 251-281. 

Fife, The German Empire Between Two Wars, 101-158. 

Dawson, What Is Wrong With Germany?, 70-112. 

Howe, Socialiced Germany, 1-51. 

Tower, Germany To-day, 19-68. 

Von Billow, Imperial Germany, 127-201. 

Barker, Modern Germany, 798-829. 

Shepard, Tendencies Tozvard Ministerial Responsibility in Ger- 
many, in American Political Science Review, vol. V, 57-69. 

Berry, Germany of the Germans, 1-04. 

Villard, Germany Embattled, 126-156. 

Hozv Prussianism Warps Men and Women, in The Independent, 
vol. 80, 401-403. 
German Ideas of the State. 

Howe, Socialized Germany, 321-335; Dawson, IVhat is Wrong 
With Germany?, 22-69; Gooch, German Theories of the 
State, in Contemporary Revieiv, vol. 107, 743-753; Archer, 
Fighting a Philosophy, in North American Review, vol. 201 ; 
30-44. 
The Beginnings of Socialism in Germany. Bismarck's Hostile 

Measures toward Socialism. 

Orth, -Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 146-168; Barker, 
Modern Germany. 384-400; Stearns, Bismarck, 324-333. 
The German Social Insurance Laws and Similar Measures to Help 

the Common People. 

Howe, Socialized Germany, 161-207, 231-264; Dawson, German 
Workingmen's Insurance, in Contemporary Reviezv, vol. 101, 
669-680; Dawson, The German Workingman, especially chap- 
ters 3 and 15 ; Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 135- 
169; F. W. Lewis, State Insurance, 66-77; Roberts, Mon- 
archical Socialism in Germany, 33-88. 
German Protective Tarifif — Its Causes and Results. 

Barker, Modern Germany, 670-689, 645-669 ; Headlam, Bismarck, 
411-422; Stearns, Bismarck, 333-344; Dawson, Evolution of 
Modern Germany, 237-254 ; Von Biilow, Imperial Germany. 
273-289. 
German Colonial Expansion. 

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany. 334-461 ; Von Bernhardi, 
Germany and the Next War, 72-114; Eltzbacher, The Pro- 
gress of Germany and Greater Gerniany, in Contemporary 
Reviezv, vol. 88, 203-220; Rohrbach, German World Policies, 
, 133-211; Pruen, JJ'hat the Germans Did in East Africa, in 

Nineteenth Century, vol. 77, 768-771 ; J. H. Harris, Ger- 
many's Treatment of Ahitivcs, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 
78, 44-51 ; R. C. Hawkin, Germany and South Africa, in 
Contemporary Reviezv, vol. 108, 491-500; Wigglesworth, 
38 



Thirty Years of Gcruian Rule in East Africa, in Contem- 
porary Reviezv, vol. 109, 477-484. 

Anecdotes of Bismarck. 

Richmond, Conversations with Prince Bismarck, in North Amer- 
ican Review, Sept. 1914 ; pp. 390-405 ; Bismarck, The Man 
and The Statesman, Being The Reflections and Reminis- 
cences of Otto Prince von Bismarck (translated by A. J. 
Butler). 

Personality and Ability of Emperor William 11. 

Barker, Modern Germany, 363-383 ; Edmund von Mach, What 
Germany Wants, 24-39 ; Roberts, Monarchical Socialism in 
Germany, 144-152. 

Growth of German Industry and Commerce. 

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 1-105, 170-206, 226-254 ; 
Howe, Socialized Germany, 52-79 ; Barker, Modern Germany, 
530-644, 485-529; Von Biilow, Imperial Germany, 248-289; 
Hurd and Castle, German Sea Power, 214-255, 287-327; 
Helfferich, Germany's Economic Progress and National 
Wealth, (1888-1913) ; Dooley, German and American Meth- 
of Production, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 107; 649-060; Tower, 
Germany of To-day, 160-182. 

Industries Owned by the Imperial or State Governments. 

Howe, Socialised Germany, 80-160; Dawson, Evolution of Mod- 
ern Germany, 207-225 ; Barker Modern Germany, 530-599 

What the German Cities Do for the People — Municipal Socialism. 
Howe, Socialized Germany, 248-257, 265-320 ; Dawson, The Ger- 
man Workman, especially chapters 2, 7, 8, 9, 13; Fife, The 
German Empire between Two Wars, 269-310 ; Tower, Ger- 
many of To-day, 100-128. 

German Educational Systems. 

Howe, Socialized Germany, 208-247 ; Barker, Modern Germany, 
458-484 ; Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 95-105 ; 
McLaren, The German Child in the German School, in Con- 
temporary Review, vol. 104, 847-855 ; Fife, The German Em- 
pire between Tzvo Wars, 317-358 ; Tower, Germany of 
To-day, 129-159; Randall, Pan-Germanic Education, in Con- 
temporary Reviezv, vol. 108 ; 589-599. 

The German Social Democrats and the Liberal Movement. 

Orth, Socialism and Democracy in Europe, 171-2(Ki ; Barker, 
Modern Germany, 384-425 ; Dawson, Evolution of Modern 
Germany, 444-466 ; Von Biilow, Imperial Germany, 202-247 ; 
J. King, The German Reichstag Election of igi2, in Con- 
temporary Review, vol. 101, 165-176; Fife, The German 
Empire between Two Wars, 159-199. 

The German Army and Its Influence. 

Barker, Modern Germany, 297-317, 798-829 ; Von Bernhardi, 

Germany and the Next H^or," 115-129, 183-225, 241-259; 

World's Work, Sept. 1914 ; pp. 68-71 ; Tower, Germany of 

To-day, 69-77; Brooks, The Changing Armaments of Eu- 

39 



rope, in North American Review, vol. 197; 604-614; Barker, 
The Changing Balance of Power, in Nineteenth Century, 
vol. 73; 1193-1211; Whitman, The Praetorian Spirit, in Fort- 
nightly Reviezv, vol. 97 ; 767-781 ; Barker, The Armament 
Race and Its Latest Developments, in Fortnightly Review, 
vol. 93; 654-668; Dillon, Cost of the Armed Peace, in Con- 
temporary Review, vol. 105 ; 413-421 ; Dawson, What Is 
Wrong With Germany, 113-153; Villard, Germany Em- 
battled, 45-73 ; Edmund von Mach, What Germany Wants, 
123-136; Militarism in German Social Life, in Independant, 
vol. 80; 231-232, and 401-403. 
The German Navy, Its Objects and Influence. 

Delbriick, Why Does Germany Build Warships, in Contemporary 
Review, vol. 96, 401-410 ; Hurd and Castle, German Sea 
Power, 108-286 ; Roberts, Monarchial Socialism in Germany, 
153-167 ; Von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 130- 
166, 226-240; Barker, Modern Germany, 317-362, 115-147; 
Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 348-357; Tower, 
Germany of To-day, 77-86 ; Dreher, The Year in Germany, 
in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 103; 110-113; Are the Navy Es- 
timates Justified f in Fortnightly Review, vol. 94, 1057-1073 ; 
Sea and Air Command, in Fortnightly Reviezv, vol. 93 ; 



XII. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY SINCE 1849. 

1. Austria to the Compromise of 1867. 

A. Restoration of absolutism after the failure of the Revolu- 

tions of 1848. Treatment of the Hungarians. 

B. Struggle between the Emperor and the Hungarians. 

a. Francis Joseph grants a constitution. 

b. The Hungarians refuse to co-operate. Their reasons. 

c. The Emperor yields to Hungarian demands. His 

reasons. 

C. Establishment of the Dual Monarchy. The "Ausgleich" 

of 1867. 

a. The political institutions of the new state and its 

two component parts. 

b. This arrangement satisfactory only to the dominant 

races. 

2. The Austrian Empire since 1867. 

A. Liberal legislation. 

B. The attempt to establish a federal state. 

a. The demands of the Bohemians. 

b. The Emperor at first accedes to some of them and 

then refuses to complete the work. 

c. Politics and political parties since 1873. Electoral 

reforms and the growth of democracy. 
40 



3. The Kingdom of Hungary since 1867. 

A. History of race questions in Hungary. The pohcy of 

Magyarization. 

B. Recent Hungarian opposition to the renewal of the "Aus- 

gleich." Precarious nature of this bond. Selfishness of 
the dominant Magyars. 
4. Prospects of the Dual Monarchy. Territorial losses and 
gains. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe since 181-5, ;!88-50.j ; Hayes, Political and Social His- 
tory of Modern Europe, II, 426-435; Cambridge Modern 
History, XII, 174-212. 

The best recent description of Austria-Hungary is H. W. Steed, 
The Hapsburg Monarchy. V. Gayda, Modern Austria — Her 
Racial and Social Problems (1915) is strongly anti-Austrian 
in tone. 

Special Topics : — 

The Government of Austria-Hungary. 

Ogg, Governments of Europe, 509-514 ; Steed, The Hapsburg 
Monarchy, chapter 1 and pp. 194-201. 

The Governments of Austria and Hungary. 

Ogg, Governments of Europe, 456-474. 489-500. 

Racial Divisions of Austria-Hungary. 

The Problem of Austria-Hungary, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 
93, 1047-1062 ; Brooks, The Future of Austria-Hungary, in 
North American Revietv, vol. 200 ; 194-202 ; Ozanne, Some 
Problems of Government in Austria-Hungary, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 73; 1131-1147; Nolan, Impressions in Austria- 
Hungary, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 77; 1138-1151; Gayda, 
Modern Austria, 58-89 ff. 

The Southern Slavs of Austria-Hungary. 

Harris, The Southern Slav Question, in American Political 
Science Review, vol. 9, 227-251 ; Gibbons. New Map of 
Europe, 142-160 ; Trevelyan, Austria-Hungary and Serbia, 
in North American Review, vol. 201, 860-868 ; Roumania's 
Attitude and Future, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 97, 804-816; 
Seton-Watson, New Phases of the Balkan Question, in 
Contemporary Reviezv, vol. 104, 322-330; Gribble, Servia 
Irredenta, in Edinburgh Reznezu, vol. 220, 41-59; Dillon, For- 
eign Affairs, in Contemporary Review, vol. 103, 865-874 ; 
, Austria's Civilizing Mission, in World's Work, September, 
1914, 103-106; Gayda, Modern Austria, 113-137; Seton- 
Watson, The Southern Slav Question and the Hapsburg 
Monarchy (wn) ; Seton-Watson, German, Slav, and 
Magyar. 

41 



XIII. RUSSIA IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 

1. The political, religious, social, and economic institutions of Russia 

in the early nineteenth century. 

A. Policies of Alexander I. 

B. Reactionary policies of Nicholas I. 

2. The reign of Alexander II. 

A. Reform work. 

a. Abolition of serfdom. 

(1) The prevailing system of land tenure and its 

evils. 

(2) The Edict of Emancipation. Its provisions 

and effects. Disappointment of the peas- 
antry. Reasons. 

b. Establishment of Zemstvos. 

c. Reform of the judicial system. 

d. Educational reforms. 

B. The Polish insurrection of 1863 and the changed policies 

of Alexander II. 

a. Causes of the revolt. 

b. Reasons for its failure. 

c. Effects on Alexander II's policies. 

c. Reactionary policies of Alexander II. The growth of 
Nihilism. 

3. The reign of Alexander III. 

A. Reactionary policies. 

a. Opposition to the ideas of Western Europe. 

b. Rigorous policy of Russitication of all peoples living 

within the empire. 

B. Progressive policies. 

a. Paternal kindness to the peasantry. 

b. Industrial progress. Introduction of the industrial 

revolution with its attendant labor problems. Rise 
of a rich bourgeoisie. 

4. Reign of Nicholas II to the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War 

in 1904. 

A. Continuation of the reactionary policies. Increasing dif- 

ficulty of bottling up the intellectual classes of the Rus- 
sian people. 

B. Suffering of the peasantry under the burden of taxation. 

C. Attack on Finnish local autonomy. Abrogation ot the 

Constitution of Finland, 1899. 

5. Russian expansion into Asia and the rise of the Far Eastern 

Question. The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905. (To 
be treated later). 

6. Russia since the war with Japan. 

A. Unpopularity of the war in Russia. There being no 
legal means for the popular discontent to manifest itself, 
42 



revolutionary activity becomes more vigorous. Abso- 
lutism is again tempered by assassination. 

B. Nicholas encourages the Liberals. Their demands. Out- 

break of more violent and general disorders. The gen- 
eral strike. 

C. The history of the Russian Dumas since 19(Hi. Power and 

importance of these bodies. Their legislative work. 

D. Treatment- of Finland since 1904. 

E. Prospects for democracy in Russia. 

References : — 

Hazen, Europe Since 1815, 645-718 ; Hayes, Modern Europe, II, 37- 
41, 452-487, 586-592. 

Additional References : — 

Cambridge Modern History XII, 294-380. .500-.V22, 537-602. 
Skrine, Expansion of Russia. 
Alexinsky, Modern Russia. 
Morfill, History of Russia. 
Douglas, Europe and the Far East. 

XIV. THE NEAR EASTERN QUESTION. 

1. tZauses of the decay of the Ottoman Empire. 

2. The Greek War of Independence. 

A. Causes. 

B. The war. 

C. Foreign intervention and the Treaty of London, 1827. 

D. Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829. 

E. Kingdom of Greece created. 

3. The Crimean War. 

A. Causes. 

a. Russo-Turkish War. 

b. Why the western powers intervened. 

B. Invasion of the Crimea and the Siege of Sebastopol. 

C. The Treaty of Paris, 1856, and the results of the war. 

4. From the Treaty of Paris to the Treaty of Berlin. 

A. Causes and events leading to the re-opening of the East- 

ern Question in 1875-1876. 

B. Russo-Turkish War of 1877. The allies of Russia. The 

Treaty of San Stefano. 

C. The Congress of Berlin. 

a. Opposition to the Treaty of San Stefano. 

b. Negotiations at Berlin. 

c. Provisions of the Treaty of Berlin and its results. 

5. The Balkan States up to 1912. 

A. Bulgarian history since 1878. 

B. Roumania and Servia since 1878. 

C. Greece since 1833. 

D. Rivalries of the Balkan States. 

43 



C). ■ The revolution of 1908 in Turkey. 

A. Causes and events. 

B. Results. 

a. Apparent liberalization of Turkish institutions, 
h. Attitude of foreign powers. 

c. Austro-Hungary annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 
(1. Bulgaria declares her independence. The postpone- 
ment of satisfaction for the Serbian grievances. 

C. Counter-revolution of April 1909. Recovery of the Young 

Turks and results. 
7. Italy's war for Tripoli, 1911-1912. 
S. The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. 

A. The war between the Balkan Allies and the Turks. 

a. Causes. 

b. Rapid victories of the allies. Reasons. 

c. Terms of the treaty of peace, May 30, 1913. 

B. The war between the Balkan Allies, 1913. 

a. Causes. The grievances of the Servians and the 

Bulgarians. The share of Austria in bringing 
about the second struggle. 

b. Events. Why Roumania entered the war. 

c. Terms of peace. 

d. Results of the Balkan Wars. ' 

(1) Military increases among the great powers. 

Why? 

(2) Set-back to German and Austrian plans for 

domination of the Near East. 
(•'!) Unsatisfactory nature of the settlement be- 
tween the Balkan states. Dangers of 
future wars. 
' (4) How the Balkan Wars helped bring about 

the great European war of 1914. 
References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 490-539 ; 
Hazen, Europe since 1815, 001-644 ; Cambridge Modern History, 
XII, 381-428. The best account of recent aspects of the Near 
Eastern Question is Gibbons, The New Map of Europe, 131-307. 
A briefer account of the Balkan Wars is Jacob G. Schurman, 
The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913. F. F. Urquhart, The Eastern 
Question (0.xford Pamphlets, No. 17) is a brief account. 

Special Topics : — 

Recent Development of Roumania. 

Marriott, The Roumanian Factor in the Problem of the Near 
East, in Edinburgh Review, vol. 224 ; 150-170 ; Battine, 5m/- 
garia and Roumania, in Fortnightly Reviczv, vol. 94 ; 099-707 ; 
Roumania and Her Nezi.' Territories, in Contemporary Re- 
view, vol. 100 ; 20-25 ; Vivian, .ifter the War, in Fortnightly 
Review, vol. 93; 312-321; Roumania's Attitude and Position, 
44 



in Fortnightly Review, vol. 98 ; 1067-1078 ; Barker, Roumania 
and the Peace of Europe, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 73, 
548-563. 

Recent Development of Bulgaria. 

Campbell, Ferdinand, Tsar of the Bulgarians, in Fortnightly 
Review, vol. 95, 50-68 ; Battine, Bulgaria and Roumania, in 
Fortnightly -Review, vol. 94, 699-707 

Recent Serbia. 

Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 129-131 ; Trevelyan, Serbia 
Revisited, in Contemporary Review, vol. 107; 273-282; Smith, 
The Strength of Serbia, in Contemporary Review, vol. 107 ; 
515-520 ; The Greater Servia Idea, in World's Work, Sept. 
1914, pp. 129-131 ; Trevelyan, Serbia and Southeastern Eu- 
rope, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 116; 119-127; Bennett, Some 
Recent Experiences i)i Serbia (1915), in Nineteenth Century, 
vol. 78; 548-562. 

Blundering Policies of the Young Turks, 1908-1911. 

Gibbons, The Ne-w Map of Europe, 180-240. 
Racial Problems in Macedonia. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 161-179; Bullard, Diplomacy of 
the Great War, 135-140. 

The War between Italy and Turkey, 1911-1912. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 241-262; Contemporary Reviezv, 
February, 1912, and later discussions by E. J. Dillon under 
the heading "Foreign Affairs" in the same review; Nine- 
teenth Century, vol. 71 ; 1216-1229. 

Causes of the First Balkan War. 

Gibbons, Nezv Map of Europe, 194-214, 220-240, 263-274; Schur- 
man, The Balkan Wars, 30-48 ; Dillon, Foreign Affairs, in 
Contemporary Review, vol. 102; 715-736; Fortnightly Re- 
Review, vol. 92; 813-825, vol. 93; 430-439; Quarterly Re- 
view, vol. 218, 278-298 ; Barker, The War in the Balkans, in 
Fortnightly Review, vol. 92, 813-825; The Balkan League; 
History of Its Formation, in Fortnightly Reviezv, vol. 93, 
430-439; Tonjoroff, The Balkan War, in North American 
Reviezv, vol. 196. 721-730. 

Events of the First Balkan War. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 274-318 ; The Strategy of the 
Balkan War, in Quarterly Review, vol. 218 ; 255-277 ; Con- 
temporary Review, vol. 102, 761-776. vol. 103, 1-11; North 
American Reviezv, vol. 196, 721-739; vol. 197, 112-135; North 
American Reviezv, vol. 196, 731-739; Bennett, The Turkish 
Point of View, in Edinburgh Review, vol. 217, 278-296. See 
also the Year Books and indexes to periodicals for the year 
1913. 

45 



Causes of War between the Balkan Allies, 1913. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 319-330 ; Schurman, The Balkan 
Wars, (i3-108 ; Dillon, Foreign Affairs, in Contemporary Re- 
view, vol. 103, 565-585 ; Bullard, The Diplomacy of the 
Great War, 143-146. 
The Second Balkan War 191;! and the Treaty of Bucharest. 

Gibbons, Neiv Map of Europe, 3.U-350r Schurman, The Balkan 
Wars, 107-131 ; Dillon, Foreign Affairs, in Contemporary 
Review, vol. 104; 258-280, 413-432, and vol. 106, 109-128; 
Wallis, Bulgaria and Her Traduccrs, in Nineteenth Century, 
vol. 74, 1342-1356. 

XV. THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE — THE ERA OF THE NEW 
NATIONAL IMPERIALISM. 

1. Ideals of the New Imperialism. Its motives. 

A. Economic. 

B. Patriotic. 

C. Religious. 

2. European Expansion into Asia. 

A. The practical break-up and awakening of the Chinese 

Empire. 

a. How China was opened u[) to European influences. 
i b. Beginnings of the break-up of China. The loss of 
a fringe of lands around the empire. 

c. Russia, France, and Germany dispossess Japan of 

most of her gains from the Chino-Japanese War, 
of 1894-1895. 

d. The Russo-Japanese War, gives Japan a share of 

the spoils of China. 

e. The awakening of China since 1898. The revolution 

of 1911-1912 results in the establishment of a 
republic. 

B. The awakening of Japan and the rise of Japanese im- 

perialism. 

a. The opening of Japan by Perry, 1853, and the revo- 

lution of 1868. 

b. The Europeanization of Japan. 

(1) Constitutional government. 

(2) The industrial revolution. 

(3) Rise of Japanese imperialism. 

(a) The war with China, 1894-1895, and 

its results. 
(h) The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905. 

and its results. 

(c) Japanese alliance with Great Britain, 

1902. 

(d) Japanese annexation of Korea, 1910. 
46 



C. Russian expansion in Asia. 

a. Occupation of Siberia and Manchuria. 

b. Occupation of the Caspian region and Turkestan. 

c. Extension of Russian and British influence in Persia. 

The treaty of 1907 delimiting spheres of influence 
in Persia. 

D. German expansion in Asia Minor and Mesopotamia. 

E. What the European states held in Asia in 1914. The 

rival empires. 

a. Russia. 

b. Great Britain. 

c. France. 

d. Holland. 

e. Germany. 

f. United States. 

g. Asiatic states. 

The Europeanization of the American Continents. 

A. The United States becomes a world power. 

a. Preparations. Territorial expansion up to 1898. 

The industrial revolution and its effects. Com- 
pare with those in Europe. 

b. Acquisitions of the United States since 1898. 

c. Spread of American "protecting influence" over lands 

not annexed. The character and influence of the 
Monroe Doctrine. The Panama Canal. 

B. The Latin American States. 

a. How their independence was won. Separate history 

of the chief states. 

b. The plantation system and its effects in Latin 

America. 

c. Economic dependence upon Europe and United States 

and its effects. 
The Partition of Africa. 

A. Early rivalry of the Portuguese, Dutch, and the British 

in getting trading stations on the coasts of Africa. 

B. Early exploration of the interior of Africa. Livingstone 

and Stanley. 

C. Leopold II and the Belgian Congo. Why developed? 

Character of the government. 

D. Liideritz and Cecil Rhodes and their acquisitions. 

E. Great international agreements for the division of African 

territories. 

F. The holdings of the various imperial powers in Africa in 

1914 and their value. 

How Egypt was won. 
The winning of Algeria and 



a. 


British possessions. 


b. 


French possessions. 




Tunis. 


c. 


Italian possessions. 




47 



d. German possessions. 

e. Possessions of Belgium, Portugal, and Spain. 

G. The value of these African possessions to the mass of 
the people of the imperialist countries. 

a. Their cost to the tax payers. 

b. Who gets the profits? Their amount. 

The British Empire. Its population and extent. 

A. Self-governing Colonies. 

Canada. 

(1) Government, 1774-1837. 

(2) Lord Durham's Report, 1839. Local auton- 

omy granted to Canada and the other 
white colonies. 

(3) Establishment of the Dominion of Canada, 

1867, and the expansion of Canada to the 
Pacific and the Arctic Oceans. Its form 
of government. 
Ij. Australia. 

(1) Settlement of the six colonies. 

(2) Formation of the Australian Commonwealtlv 

Its system of government. 

(3) Special problems of the Australian people. 

Their social legislation. 

c. The Dominion of New Zealand. 

(1) Problem of the natives. 

(2) Advanced social legislation. 

d. South Africa. 

(1) Causes of rivalry and hatred between the 

British and the Boers up to 1884. 

(2) Reasons for the South African War. 1899- 

1902. 

(3) Terms of the treaty of peace. Self-govern- 

ment granted. Results. 

e. The movement for imperial federation. 

(1) The problem of government. 

(2) The plans for an economic union. 

(3) Plans for imperial defense. 

(4) Colonial conferences. 

B. The Crown Colonies. 

a. Dififerences between the crown colonies and the self- 

governing ones. 

b. Various kinds of government. 

c. The protectorates and the lands governed by char-. 

tered companies. 

d. Egypt. How it was won. System of government. 

Demands for self-government. 
48 



C. The Indian Empire. 

a. Geographical divisions. Size. Population. 

b. How the empire was won by the British. 

c. Its government. 

(1) Government by the Company up to 1858. 

(2) The Great Mutiny, 1857, and its effects. 

(3) The system of government since 1858. The 

India Councils Act of 1909. 

d. Advantages of India to Great Britain and of British 

rule to the people of India. 

D. Advantages and disadvantages of the British Empire as 

as whole to the mass of the British people. Does it pay? 

References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 600-675 ; 

Hazen, Europe since 1813. 081-705, 550-563, 518-549. 
W. R. Shepherd, Latin America, and H. H. Johnston, The Opening 

Up of Africa, in the Home University Library are good brief 

accounts. 

XVI. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (1871-1914) AND THE 
CAUSES OF THE GREAT EUROPEAN WAR OF 1914. 

1. Growth of desire for peace and efforts to secure and maintain 

European peace since 1815. 

A. The Concert of Europe and its services to international 

peace. 

B. Growth of popular internationalism. Cases of arbitration 

of disputes and making of arbitration treaties. 

C. The Hague Peace Conferences, 1899 and 1907. 

2. Serious obstacles to this international pacifism. 

A. Defective settlements of nineteenth century problems. 

a. Alsace-Lorraine. 

b. Ireland. 

c. Poland. 

d. The racial problems of Austria-Hungary, especially 

the South Slavs and the Italians. 

e. The Roumanians of Russia. 

f. Problems of the Turks in Europe and the disposi- 

tion of the Balkan lands. 

B. Growth of intense nationalism and uncritical patriotism. 

Desire of the newer nations to satisfy their ambitions 
at the expense of those that had an earlier start, es- 
pecially : — 

a. Germany. 

b. Italy. 

c. The Balkan nations. 
4 49 



C. Imperial rivalries. Objects of the leading powers. 

a. German imperialism. 

(1) Grievances of the Germans. 

(2) Extension of German influence in the Near 

East and in Asia Minor. The Bagdad 
Railway. 

b. Great Britain. 

(1) Causes of friction with Germany, 1900-1914. 

(2) The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902 and the 

Far Eastern policies of the British. 

c. Interests of France. 

d. Italy. 

e. Russia. 

f. Austria-Hungary. 

D. Militaristic agitation of particular classes and the rapid 

growth of national armaments after 18fi2. 

a. Capitalist demands for better preparation for war. 

b. General adoption of universal military service. 

c. Preparation of detailed plans for mobilization. 

d. The naval rivalry between Germany and Great 

Britain. Which was in the right? 

e. The great military increases of the year 1913 and 

their effects. 

E. "Scientific" justifications of nationalism and militarism. 

Spread of the cult of force. 
The hegemony of Germany, 1871-1890. How Bismarck isolated 
France and prevented a war of revenge. 

A. Dangers to Germany in the early years of the empire. 

B. How Bismarck evaded these dangers. 

C. Formation of the Triple Alliance, 1882. 

a. Steps leading to it. 

(1) Russo-German Entente broken, 187()-1879. 

(2) Austro-German Alliance, 1879. 

(a) Causes, (b) Terms, (c) Advantages 
to each power. 

(3) Motives leading Italy to join. 

b. Terms of the alliance. 

c. Effects. Its history and importance since 1882. 

d. Bismarck's "Riickversicherungsvertrag" (Reinsurance 

Compact) with Russia, 1885. 
Balance of the Great Powers, 1890-1914. Formation of the 
Triple Entente. 

A. The Franco-Russian Alliance (1892) checks the German 

hegemony. 

a. Reasons for its formation. 

I). Its influence. 

B. The Franco-British Entente Cordiale. 1904'. 

a. Reasons for its establishment. 

b. Terms and influence. 

50 



C. Russia joins the Entente. The Russo-British agreement 

of 1907 delimiting spheres of influence in Persia. 

D. The Triple Entente powers reach out to make further 

friendships. 

a. Franco-Italian Rapprochement (1898, 1900, and 

1902) and its effects. 

b. Franco-Spanish Rapprochement (1904) and its ef- 

fects. 

c. Russo-Japanese agreement of 1910. 

E. Results of these diplomatic arrangements. 

a. Union of all the great imperial powers except Ger- 

many. Underlying basis of their agreement. Ex- 
tent to which the United States may have been 
committed to these policies. 

b. Why Germany was not taken into this combination. 

Importance of this decision on the world's peace. 
Efforts of Germany to break this combination and strengthen 
her position, and the resulting international crises. 
A. The crises concerning Morocco. 

a. First Moroccan crisis, 1905-1906. 

(1) William II at Tangier. 

(2) Resignation of Delcasse. 

(3) The Algeciras Congress and the outcome. 

b. Second Moroccan crisis ; the affair of Casablanca, 

1908. 

c. The third Moroccan crisis, 1911. 

(1) Causes. 

(2) The German Warship Panther at Adagir. 

Objects of Germany. 

(3) Attitude of Great Britain and its effects on 

the financial situation in Germany. 

(4) The Franco-German Convention of 1911. 

B. Crises concerning the Near East. 

a. The annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by 

Austria-Hungary, 1908. 

(1) Effects on Serbia. 

(2) Germany forces the submission of Russia 

and Serbia. 

(3) Attitude of France and Great Britain. 

(4) Effects on German plans for the future. 

b. Second Near Eastern Crisis: — The Italian War for 

Tripoli. How it disturbed the international situa- 
tion. 

c. The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. Determination of 

Austria-Hungary to humble Serbia at the first op- 
portunity. Evidence. 

C. Effects of . these frequently recurring crises. How they 

prepared for the Great War. 
51 



Immediate Causes of the Outbreak of the War. 

A. Assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, June 

28. 1914. 

a. Who was responsible for the crime? 
1). Why it aroused such exceptional indignation in 
Austria and Germany. 

B. Peremptory ultimatum of Austria-Hungary to Serbia, 

July 23, 1914. 

a. Its demands. 

b. The Serbian reply. Was it adequate? 

c. Why this was likely to bring on war. 

d. What the various diplomats did to prevent war. 

e. The German attitude toward the problem and wiiy it 

was adopted. 

C. Austrian declaration of war on Serbia, July 28, 1!)14, and 

its results. 

D. Russia announces partial mobilization along the Austrian 

frontier. July 29, 1914. 

E. General mobilization of the Russian army (July 31, 1915) 

is answered by a German ultimatum, followed by decla- 
ration of war against Russia, August 1, 1914. Was the 
war inevitable before this declaration? Reasons. 

F. German demands, August 1, 1914, that France state what 

policy will be adopted. After giving a non-committal 
answer, France orders general mobilization, August 
1, 1914. 

G. Attitude adopted by Great Britain and Italy, and their 

reasons. 
H. The beginning of the war. German invasion of Luxem- 
burg (August 2), Belgium (August 3), and France 
(August 2, 1914). German declaration of war on 
France, August 3, 1914. 
Great Britain Enters the War. 

A. Reasons why Great Britain might have been expected to 

remain neutral. 

B. Refusal of Great Britain to take sides during the days just 

before the war broke out. Motives. 

C. Reasons which might lead Great Britain to enter the war. 

German proposals for British neutrality in the war and 
the British answer. 

D. The question of the neutrality of Belgium. 

a. Treaties and agreements for the maintenance of 
Belgian neutrality in the past. 

h. Britain's reasons for insisting so strongly on the 
maintenance of Belgian neutrality. 

c. Britain demands of France and Germany an under- 
taking not to violate Belgian neutrality in the war 
about to begin. The answers of those powers. 
52 



d. Germany demands a free passage through Belgium. 

Terms and reasons alleged for the demand. The 
real reasons. 

e. German invasion of Belgium leads Britain to declare 

war on Germany, August 4, 1914. 
8. The Responsibility for the War. 

A. Extent to which Serbia was blameworthy. 

B. Austrian and German responsibility. 

C. Was Russia to blame? 

D. How Britain and France might have prevented the war. 
^ E. Which powers were best prepared for war in August, 1914? 

Which powers were less adequately prepared to fight at 
that time? Had the outbreak of war been avoided in 
August, 1914, is it at all probable that the underlying 
causes would have been eliminated within the next year 
or two? Which power made the greatest efforts to 
secure a peaceful settlement or at least delay to enable 
some peaceful decision to be arrived at? Which power 
or powers impetuously brooked no delay? 
References : — 

Hayes, Political and Social History of Modern Europe, II, 679-719; 
Bullard, The Diplomacy of the Great War, 1-160; Gibbons, Nezv 
Map of Europe, 1-160; J. Ellis Baker, Modern Germany, 1-362 
(rather strongly anti-German). 

Special Topics. 

The Peace Movement and the Hague Conferences. 

Hazen, Europe since 1815, 728-736; Cambridge Modern History, 
XII, 703-729; W. I. Hull,' The Ttvo Hague Conferences and 
their Contributions to International Law (1908). For other 
references see the bibliography in Flayes, Modern Europe, 
II. 719-720. 
Alsace-Lorraine under German Control. 

Gibbons, New Map of Europe, 1-20; Fife, The German Empire 
betzveen Tzvo Wars, 217-233; Jordan, Alsace-Lorraine, A 
Study in Conquest, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 113, 688-702; 
Baerlein, The State of Alsace-Lorraine, in Fortnightly Re- 
view, vol. 95, 146-153; Schevill, The Making of Modern 
Germany, 243-250. 
Poland and the Poles. 

Gibbons, Nezv Map of Europe, 96-118; Fife, The German Em- 
pire betzveen Tzvo Wars, 234-266; Dawson, Evolution of 
Modern Germany, chap. 14; The Polish Expropriation Bill 
of igo8, in North American Review, vol. 187, 941-943; 
Schevill, The Making of Modern Germany. 222-234. 
Unredeemed Italy. 

Gibbons, Nezv Map of Europe, 119-130; Dillon, Italy and the 
Second Phase of the War. in Contemporary Reviezv, vol. 
107, 715-732; Gayda, Modem Austria, 11-45. 
53 



German World Policy and Ambitions. 

Dawson, Jl'hat is Wrong with Germany, 131-191 ; Gibbons, New 
Map of Europe, 21-57; Fife, The German Empire between 
Two IVars, 72-97; Von Biilow, Imperial Germany, 1-123; 
Bordon, The German Enigma; Cramb, Germany and Eng- 
land, lU9-lo2, 1-108; Schmitt, Germany and Enghmd, 70-89, 
9(J-11.-); Usher, Pan-Germanism, 19-173, 230-250. 
Changed Spirit of Modern Germany. The Philosophical Basis of 
Imperialism. 

Dawson, Evolution of Modern Germany, 1-16 and chapters 17- 
20; Dawson, IV hat Is Wrong with Germany, 1-69; Von 
Bernhardi, Germany and the Next IVar, 1-166, 283-288; 
Villard, Germany Embattled, 20-44, 74-103; Gooch, German 
Theories of the State, in Contemporary Review, vol. 107, 
743-753; B. E. Schmitt, England and Germany, 70-95, 154- 
172; Usher, Pan-Germanism, 1-18; Cramb, Germany and 
England, 75-108, 1-74; Baker, Nietzsche and Treitschke — 
The Worship of Pozver in Modern Germany (Oxford Pamph- 
lets, No. 20). 
The German Bagdad Railway Plans. 

Schmitt, England and Germany, 253-279, 297-301 ; Gibbons, New 
Map of Europe, 58-70 ; Johnston, African and Eastern Rail- 
ziKiy Schemes, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 72, 558-569; 
O'Connor, The Bagdad Raihwiy, in Fortnightly Reviezv, vol. 
95, 201-216; Marriott, Factors in the Problem of the Near 
East, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 99, 943-953 ; Hossain, 
Turkey and German Capitalists, in Contemporary Rcznezv, 
vol. 107, 487-494; Chirol, Turkey in the Grip of Germany, 
in Quarterly Reviezv, vol. 222, 231-251. 
Reasons for the Cooling of Anglo-German Friendship. 

BuUard, The Diplomacy of the Great War, 54-68, 24-35; Gibbons, 
Nezu Map of Europe, 21-57 ; Brooks, England and Germany, 
in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 105, 616-627; Barker, Modern Ger- 
many, 115-173, 241-269; Schmitt, England and Germany, 
139-218; Fife, The German Empire between Tzvo IVars, 
50-97; Usher, Pan-Germanism, 1-47, 116-127; H. H. John- 
ston, Britain and Germany; German Views of an 
Anglo-German Understanding, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 
68, 978-987; O. Eltzbacher, The Anti-British Movement in 
Germany, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 52, 190-200 (August, 
1902) ; Schiemann, United States and the War Cloud in 
Europe, in McClure's Magazine, vol. 35, 222-226; Baron 
Marschall and the Anglo-German Differences, in Fortnightly 
Reviczi.', vol. 91, 995-1010; Mead, England and Germany, in 
Atlantic Monthly, vol. 101, 397-407. 
Large Army Increases of Recent Years and the Reasons for Them. 
Dillon. Cost of the Armed Peace, in Contemporary Reviezv, vol. 
105, 413-421 ; Brooks, Changing Armaments of Europe, in 
North American Reviezv, vol. 197, 604-614; Barker, The 
54 



Annaiiicnt Race, in Fortnightly Rcvieiv, vol. 93, 654-668; 
Barker, Changing of the Balance of Power, in Nineteenth 
Century, vol. 73, 1193-1211; Mallock, The War Strength of 
Germany, Great Britain, and France, in Fortnightly Review, 
vol. 97, 631-643; Huidekoper, The Armies of Europe, in 
World's Work. September, 1914, 22-49; Schmitt, England 
and Germany, 51-69. 
The Naval Rivalry between Germany and Great Britain. 
The German Point of View. 

Delbriick, Why Does Germany Build Warships? in Con- 
temporary Reznew, vol. 96, 401-410; Roberts, Monarchical 
Socialism in Germany, 153-167. 
The British Imperialist Point of View. 

Colquhoun, The New Balance of Pozvcr in Europe, in North 
American Review, vol. 191; 18-28; Hurd & Castle, 
German Sea Pozver, 108-286; Are Navy Estimates of 
£50,000,000 Justified? in Fortnightly Review, 94, 1057- 
1073; Hurd, The Dominions and the Command of the 
Sea, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 96, 242-254 ; Barker, 
Modern Germany, 241-269, 324-344. 
The British Pacifist Point of View. 

Ponsonby, Foreign Policy and the Navy, in Contemporary 
Rcvieiv, vol. 102, 305-310; The Balance of Power in 
Europe, in Fortnightly Reviciv, vol. 94, 434-447. 
Historical Facts. 

Hurd, How England Prepared for War, in Fortnightly Re- 
view, vol. 96, 406-420; The Navy and the Future, in 
Edinburgh Reviezv, vol. 219, 448-468. 
German Foreign Policy, 1871-1890. The Formation of the Triple 
Alliance. 

Cambridge Modern History XII, 134-145, 158-162. 
Stearns, Life of Bistnarck, 255-262, 270-280, 295-321, 344-352, 360- 
364, 372-379; Rose, Development of the European Nations, 
II, 1-28. 
Lowe, Bismarck, 139-185. 
Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War. 1-23. 
Tardieu, France and the Alliances, 123-146. 
The Dual Alliance : France and Russia. 

Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War. 38-44; Tardieu, France 
and the Alliances, 1-34; Tardieu, Republic and Monarchy, 
Fifteen Years of French Diplomacy, in North American Re- 
view, vol. 187, 533-542; Rose, Development of the European 
Nations, II, 28-43. 
The Franco-British Entente Cordiale and the Morocco Crisis of 1905. 
Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 46-53, 69-101 ; Schmitt, 
England and Germany, 219-238 ; Sir Thomas Barclay, Thirty 
Years — Anglo-French Reminiscences, 175-326; Garvin, Im- 
perial and Foreign Affairs, in Fortnightly Rez'ietv, vol. 87, 
987-1005; Tardieu, France and the Alliances, 35-80, 170-209; 
55 



Garvin, King Edward VII and His Reign, in Fortnightly 
Review, vol. 88, 988-1005. 
The French Settlements with Spain and Italy. Extension of the 
System of Ententes. 

Tardieu, France and the Alliances, 'l'.\0-H)h. 
The Anglo-Russian Understanding. 

Tardieu, France and the Alliances, 230-265 ; 
The Triple Entente and the Morocco Crisis of 1911. 

Bullard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 102-123; Schmitt, England 
and Germany, 238-252, 302-357 ; Cheradame, The Strength and 
Weakness of the Triple Entente, in Quarterly Review, vol. 215; 
244-262 ; Great Britain and Europe, in Edinburgh Review, 
vol. 215, 243-262 ; Morel, The Recent Franco-German 
Crisis, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 72, 32-43; Fullerton, Prob- 
lems of Power, 260-315; Low, An Anglo-French Alliance? 
in Edinburgh Review, vol. 217, 217-237; Isolation or En- 
tanglement, in Fortnightly Rez'iczv, vol. 91, 983-1010. 
The Crisis of 1908 in the Near East. The Annexation of Bosnia by . 
Austria. 

Dillon, Foreign Affairs, in Contemporary Review, vol. 95, 619- 
638, 492-510; Fortnightly Rcviezv, vol. 85, 224-234, 1-18, 820- 
822; Austria — Disturber of the Peace, in Fortnightly Re- 
view, vol. 93, 249-264, 598-602 ; Colquhoun. The New Balance 
of Potver, in North American Review, vol. 191, 18-28; Bul- 
lard, Diplomacy of the Great War, 113-118; Schmitt, England 
and Germany, 279-297. 
The Movement for More Friendly Relations between England and 
Germany, 1911-1914. 

Schmitt, England and Germany, 343-357, 3GG-377 ; Stowell, The 
Diplomacy of the War of 191 f, 562-571 ; H. H. Johnston, 
German Views of a» Anglo-German Understanding, in 
Nineteenth Century, vol. 68, 978-987 ; Brooks, England, Ger- 
many, and Covimon Soise, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 91, 
147-159; European Reconstruction and British Policy, in 
Edinburgh Review, vol. 217, 217-237. 
Immediate Causes of the Outbreak of War. 

On this subject the amount of material available is already so 
very great that some guidance is necessary for students. 
The diplomatic history of the -short period just preceding 
the outbreak of the war is covered in considerable detail by 
the official collections of diplomatic correspondence issued 
by most of the nations at war. "Collected Diplomatic Docu- 
ments Relating to the Outbreak of the European War" (pub- 
lished by Harrison and Sons, London, gives The British 
White Paper, The French Yellozv Book, The Russian Orange 
Book, The Belgian Grey Book, The Serbian Blue Book, The 
German Denkschrift. The Austr o-H ungarian Red Book, and 
other useful material well indexed. Besides these there are 
the Italian Green Book, and The Second Belgian Grey Book 
56 



which have been printed by the New York Times (in sup- 
plements to or parts of the Sunday editions and also in the 
Times Current History of the War), and by the American 
Association for International Conciliation, 407 West 117th 
St., New York City, which distributes its publications gratis 
to those who ask as long as the supply lasts. M. P. Price, 
The Diplomatic History of the War, (London, Allen & Un- 
win ; New York, Scribner), gives a number of these docu- 
ments. 

This diplomatic correspondence has been reviewed, sum- 
marized, and criticized by a number of writers. The best 
of these works is E. C. Stowell, The Diplomacy of the War 
of 1914, vol. I (1915). J. W. Headlam, History of Tzvelve 
Days, July 24 to August 4, 1914, is somewhat more partisan 
but also slightly more readable. 

The German version of the diplomacy just preceding the 
war is given by Paul Rohrbach, Germany's Isolation (a trans- 
lation of his Der Krieg und die deutsche Politik) ; and Ed- 
mund von Mach. What Germany Wants and Germany's 
Point of View. 

Two surveys of the diplomatic evidence bitterly hostile to 
the German government are J' Accuse, By a German, and 
The Evidence in the Case, by James M. Beck. In addition 
to these more pretentious works, there are hosts of magazine 
articles and pamphlets in various languages. Most of those 
those in English favor the point of view of France and 
Great Britain. A few of these are Dillon, E. J., Causes of 
the European War, in Contemporary Review, vol. 106, 310- 
328; Europe at Armageddon, in North American Review, 
vol. 200, 321-339; Usher, Reasons behind the War, in At- 
lantic Monthly, October 1914, pp. 444-451 ; Francke, The 
Kaiser and His People, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 114, 566- 
570 ; The Causes of the War, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 96, 
445-400 ; Guerard, France and the War of Revenge, in Con- 
temporary Reviezv, vol. 106, 346-355 ; Dumba, Why Austria 
Is at War zvith Russia, in North American Review, vol. 200, 
346-352 ; Markofif, Why Russia Has Gone to War, in Con- 
temporary Reviezv, vol. 106, 356-365. 

SPECIAL TOPICS. 

The Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia, July 23, 1914 and the Serbian 
Reply. 
Stowell. Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 41-95, 574-579; Headlam, 
History of Tzvelve Days, 3-39, 84-98; J' Accuse, 146-159; 
315-338; Beck, The Evidence in the Case, 47-60; Schmitt, 
England and Germany, 394-418 ; 
Germany's Attitude toward the Austrian Ultimatum and the Possi- 
bilities of War. 

57 



Stovvell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 117-14(5; Headlam,//u- 

tory of Twelve Days, 40-01, 144-163, 177-201 ; J' Accuse, 170- 

245; 338-346; Beck, The Evidence in the Case, 31-46, 61-88; 

Schmitt, England and Germany, 435-467 ; 

Negotiations between Russia and Austria over the Serbian Question. 

Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 96-116, 213-228. 242-267; 

Headlam, History of Twelve Days, 62-83, 164-176; J' Accuse, 

289-295, 346-352. Schmitt, England and Germany, 418-4.34; 

Attitude of France toward these Problems. 

Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 147-177 ; Headlam, His- 
tory of Twelve Days, 267-285,- J' Accuse, 295-315; Beck, The 
Evidence in the Case, 102-137 ; Schmitt, England and Ger- 
many, 400-467 ; 
Attitude of Great Britain toward the Threatening War. British 
Attempts at Mediation. 
Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 195-310; Headlam, 
History of Tzvelve Days, 289-345; J' Accuse, 245-267; Beck, 
The Evidence in the Case, 61-101 ; Schmitt, England and 
Germany, 419-423, 439-475; 
The Problem of Belgian Neutrality. 

Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 371-456; Headlam, His- 
tory of Twelve Days, 346-389 ; Beck, The Evidence in the 
Case, 196-245 ; Walter Littlefield, Germany's Strategic Rail- 
ways, in Neiv York Times Current History, vol. 1, 1000-1004; 
Germany vs. Belgium — Case of the Military Documents 
Presented by Both Sides, in Nezc York Times Current His- 
tory, vol. 1, 1101-1119; 
Vital Interests of Great Britain in the Impending War. British En- 
trance into the War after the Invasion of Belgium by Germany. 
Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914. 311-:i70; Schmitt, Eng- 
land and Germany, 475-498. 
Italy's Attitude toward the War at Its Beginning. 

Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of 1914, 457-473; Thayer,/^a/y 
and the War, in New York Times Current History, vol. 1, 
1192-1198; 
Who Was Responsible for Beginning the War? 

Stowell, Diplomacy of the War of J914, 476-529; J' Accuse, 70- 
352; Beck, The Evidence in the Case. 138-195. 240-251; 
Nc-lU York Times Current History, vol. 1, 219-272 (pro- 
German, chiefly by Dr. Dernberg) ; Nezv York Times Cur- 
rent History, vol. 1, 413-448; 473-501 (The Eliot Letters and 
Controversy), and almost everywhere throughout volume 
one; T. Schiemann, A Sla)ider; Notes on the History of the 
Period Preceding the World War (an answer to J' Accuse), 

(Berlin, J. S. Preuss) ; Munro Smith, // Germany ? 

in North American Review, vol. 202, 6i;5-6SO ; H. W. Steed, 
The Pact of Konopisht, in NineteeJith Century, vol. 79, 252- 
27:!. 

58 



XVII. MAIN EVENTS OF THE WAR OF 1914. 

1. The first seven months of the war, (autumn and winter 1914-1915. 

A. The great German offensive on the West. 

a. The invasion of Belgium and Northeastern France 

up to the battle of the Marne, August 4-September 
5, 1914. 

(1) Why the German General Staff decided to 
invade Belgium. Was it wise? 

(2) Belgian defense of Liege, August 4-"24, and 
its effects. German occupation of central and 
eastern Belgium. 

(3) German advance into France. The fall of 
the French forts along the Belgian frontier. 

(4) Reports of atrocities committed in Belgium 
and France by German troops and by civil- 
ians in Belgiurh. 

(5) Retreat of the French and British. Plans of 
General Joffre. 

b. Battle of the Marne, September 5-9, 1914, and its 

results. 

c. The French attempt to take Alsace early in the war. 

d. Continuance of the German offensive in the North. 

The race for the sea. 

(1) Battles along the Aisne. 

(2) Battles in Belgium. The fall of Antwerp, 
Oct. 10, 1914. 

(3) Battles near Ypres, October and November, 
after the lines had reached the sea. (Oct. 
16.) 

(4) Trench warfare becomes the rule along the 
western front. 

B. Campaigns in Eastern Europe. 

a. Russian invasion of East Prussia, Aug. 4-Oct. 15, 

and its effects on the West. Russian defeats. 

b. German attacks on the Russians in Poland and the 

Russian invasion of Silesia. 

c. Russian invasion of Galicia. The great Galician 

fortress of Przemysl falls, March 22, 1916. 

d. The Austrian invasion of Serbia. Serbian army 

comes back and Dec. 16 all Austrians driven out. 

e. Second invasion of East Prussia, February 1915 Ger- 

man victories in the Mazurian Lake region result 
in Russian withdrawal. 

C. Campaigns in the Far East and in the colonies. 

a. Japanese part in the war. The siege and capture of 
Tsing-tau. 

(1) Japan declares war on Germany, August 23, 
1914. 

(2) Siege of Tsing-tau. begun Sept. 29. 

59 



(3) Tsing-tau falls, Nov. f), 1914. 

(4) Japanese navy aids in searching the Pacific 
for German ships. 

(5) Since then Japan's part has consisted chiefly 
in making ammunition and other war sup- 
plies for Russia. 

b. Central and South African campaigns. 

(1) British seize much territory on the West 
Coast. 

(2) Rebellion of some Boers (Oct. 13) put down 
entirely by Dec. 10. 

(3) British invasion of German Southwest Africa, 
December-January. 

c. Turkish campaigns. 

(1) Turkey enters the war. Oct. 29, 1914, by 
attacking the Russians at Odessa. 

(2) The Russians begin the invasion of Armenia. 

(3) The Turks invade Persia with little success. 

(4) Turkish attempt to invade Egypt (Nov. 1914- 
Jan. 1915) defeated. 

(5) The British begin invasion of Mesopotamia 
from the Persian Gulf, Nov. 1914. 

D. Naval warfare, autumn and winter 1914-1915. 

a. The British fleet, already mobilized, controls the seas, 

except for some German raiders. Importance and 
results. 

b. Minor naval battles in the North Sea, the Baltic, the 

Mediterranean, and the Adriatic. (Autumn 1914). 

c. Remarkable adventures of the German raiders, Em- 

den, Karlsruhe, and others. 

d. British squadron defeated off the coast of Chili 

(Nov. 1, 1914). The same German squadron de- 
stroyed by the British in battle near the Falkland 
Islands, Dec. 8, 1914. 

e. British cruisers fight the Germans in the North Sea, 

Jan. 24, 1915. One German battle-cruiser lost. 

f. Losses of ships by the planting and sowing of mines. 

g. Work of submarines — especially the loss of three 

British scout cruisers early in the war. 

2. The Second Summer of War (1915). 

A. The great German offensive against Russia, April-October 
1, 1915. 

a. Russian offensive against Austria checked in April, 

and German offensive begun in the Northeast. Apr.il 
29. 

b. Germans and Austrians advance all along the line 

from the Baltic to the Carpathians, May 1915. 
C. Lemberg taken, June 22. 

60 



d. Fall of Warsaw and the Russian forts along the 

Vistula, August 5-9. 

e. Fall of further lines of forts to the East. Reasons 

for the Russian retreat. 

f. The Germans stop short of Riga in the North and 

entrench to hold what Russian territory they had 
won, October 1, 1915. 

g. Results of the German offensive. 

B. Trench war along the West Front. Spasmodic offensives 

of the Allies and the Germans. 

a. Battle of Neuve Chapelle. March 10-12. 1915. 

b. German attack on the French and British north of 

Ypres, April 22-May 9. First use of asphyxiating 
gas by the Germans. 

c. British and French attack north of Arras, May 10-17. 

d. British and French attack heavily, the former at 

Loos and the latter in Champagne, September 25- 
October 8. 

e. Other lesser attacks. Results of the summer and 

autumn campaigns in the West. 

C. British attempts to force the Dardanelles and open the way 

to the Black Sea. 

a. French and British warships try to smash the forts 

guarding the channel, February 7-March 18, 1915. 

b. Bombardment resumed. March 24, and some infantry 

landed to attack. 

c. Main landing of British and French infantry made on 

the tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula, April 21-30. 

d. A second landing made further northeast (June 

1915) by the Australians and New Zealanders. 

e. Extraordinary difficulties of the French and British 

in this campaign. Why it wa,s undertaken. Mis- 
takes made at the beginning and their effects. 

f. Final withdrawal of the expedition to Saloniki, Janu- 

ary 9, 1916. 

D. The Austro-German-Bulgarian offensive against Serbia, 

Sept. 29-Dec. 1915. 

a. The Austro-Germans invade Serbia with a great 

force. Belgrade taken Oct. 10. 

b. Anglo-French troops to help Serbia landed at Sa- 

loniki. Greece, Sept. 29. 

c. Bulgaria enters the war on the German side, Oct. 13. 

(1) Reason. (2) Could the Allies have pre- 
vented it? (3) Attitude of Greece. Reasons. 

d. Serbians obliged to retreat steadily. Bulgarians take 

Nish (Nov. 7) and thus open the road to Con- 
stantinople from Austria and Germany. 

61 



e. German-Austrian-Bulgarian armies push on and oc- 

cupy all of Serbia. The remains of the Serb army 
retreat into Albania (Nov.-Dec. 1915) where the 
Italians hold the port of Avlona. The Franco- 
British forces retire to Saloniki. 

f. Results of the Serbian campaign. 

E. Italy declares war on Austria, May 23, 1915. 

a. Reasons. 

(1) Objects of Italy. 

(2) The negotiations between Austria and Italy. 

(3) What Austria would concede to Italy and 
the terms. 

(4) Why Italy rejected these terms. 

(5) German economic penetration of Italy previ- 
ous to the war. 

(6)' Other cases of rivalry with Austria. 

b. The Italian plan of campaign. 

(1) In the Trentino. 

(2) In Carinthia. 

(3) Along the Isonzo River. 

c. Slight progress of the Italians in 1915. Reasons. 

F. Naval warfare, 1915. 

a. German submarine war against merchant ships. 

(1) Germany proclaims waters around British 
Isles a war zone, beginning February 18, in 
which neutral ships will be in danger. 

(2) Great Britain and France announce inten- 
tion to cut Germany off from all trade with 
the rest of the world, March 1, 1915. 

(3) Submarines torpedo a number of British and 
allied merchant ships and neutrals as well. 

(4) British ship Lusitania sunk (May 7, 1915) 
by a German submarine off the coast of Ire- 
land with loss of over a thousand persons, 
including over one hundred United States 
citizens, part of them women and children. 

(5) The "war of notes." President Wilson 
sends a note of protest against the loss of 
lives by sinking of ships without warning. 
Germany procrastinates. Other notes sent. 
At last after several other ships have been 
sunk with loss of American lives. Germany 
(Sept. 1, 1915) agrees not to torpedo 
"liners" without warning and allowing time 
for the people on board to get into the boats. 

(6) German submarine activity in the Mediter- 
ranean. 

b. British submarine activity in the Baltic, and at the 

Dardanelles and in the Sea of Marmora, 
62 



Campaign of 1916. 

A. The great German attack of Verdun, February-July, 1916. 

a. Why Verdun was selected as the object of attack. 

b. Early successes of the Germans. 

c. French resistance soon stiffens. 

d. Bitter struggles still go on (Sept. 1916), but as a 

whole victory is with the French. 

B. The British mvasion of Mesopotamia (begun Nov. 1914). 

a. British advance on Bagdad (summer 1915) reaches 

a point within eighteen miles of Bagdad but they 
have to retreat with heavy losses, Nov. 24, 1915, 
and entrench at Kut-el-Amara where they are be- 
sieged, Jan. 2, 1916. 

b. Relief force is halted 20 miles away, January 10. 

Other relief forces fail to reach the besieged. 

c. British army at Kut-el-Amara surrenders to the 

Turks, April 29. 

d. Results of the campaign. 

C. Russian successes in the Caucasus, February-April, 1916. 

a. Defeat of the Turks and the fall of Ezerum, Feb. 

16, 1916. 

b. Most of Armenia occupied by the Russians (spring 

1916) including the port of Trebizond. 

D. Great Austrian offensive in the Trentino, May 12-June 16. 

a. Objects and the plan. 

b. Extent of success. 

c. The Italians counter-attack and gradually win back 

most of what they had lost, June-September 1916. 

E. Russian offensive against Austria and Germany, June 5 — . 

a. Russian preparations during the winter, 1915-1916. 

b. What provided the special opportunity. 

c. Sudden break in the Austrian lines south of the 

Pripet Marshes. 
(1. Most of Bukowina occupied by the Russians. 

e. Germans kept busy on the northern part of the line 

by Russian attacks. 

f. Apparent results of the campaign up to date (Sep- 

temper, 1916). 

F. French and British offensive along the Somme Valley, 

July 1, 1916 . 

a. Objects. 

b. Character of the fighting. 

c. Extent of the gains thus far. 

G. The Italians continue their attack along the Isonzo and 

take Gorizia (August 9). 
H. Balkan campaigns. 

a. Rehabilitation of the remains of the Serbian armies in 

Corfu and the junction with the allies at Saloniki. 

b. Russian troops reach vSaloniki, August, 1916. 

63 



c. Allies begin a northward advance from Saloniki, July, 

1916. 

d. The Bulgarians advance upon Greek territory and 

take some forts, arousing strong feeling among 
the Greeks. 

e. Roumania enters the war against Austria (August 

27, 1916). 

(1) Objects of the Roumanian statesmen. Im- 
portance of their stand. 

(2) Roumanian invasion of Transylvania begun 
at once. 

(3) Greece may enter the war against Bulgaria 
and her allies. 

I. Colonial campaigns of 1916. 

a. P'aikire of the Turkish attempt to cut the Suez Canal 

and invade Egypt, August, 191G. 

b. German defeats in East Africa forcast their speedy 

loss of this colony. 

c. Arabs in southwestern Arabia rebel against the Turks. 

Last forts of ]\Iecca taken August, 1916. 
J. Naval warfare of 1916. 

a. The great battle off the coast of Jutland, May 31, 

1916. Varying reports of losses. The British fleet 
keeps control of the seas. 

b. Renewal of German submarine attacks on merchant 

ships, March-April, 1916. 

(1) Many lives lost at the sinking of the Chan- 
nel Liner Sussex. 

(2) Another interchange of notes between Ger- 
many and the United States, April-May. 1916. 
Germany apparently yields to the demands of 
the United States. 

4. .Some General .Aspects of the War. 

A. The financial situation of the belligerents. Can the re- 

sources of any of them be exhausted so as to force the 
making of peace? 

B. How the war is changing conditions at home within the 

warring nations. 

a. Reorganization of industry. 

b. Extensive employment of women and its probable 

effects. 

c. Press censorship. Its problems and effects. 

d. Vodka prohibition in Russia and its effects. 

e. Destruction of human lives in battle. 

C. Loyalty of the British colonies, including India, to the 

British Empire. 

D. New mechanism for carrying on the war. 

a. Airships, b. Heavy artillery and high explosives, 
c. Submarines. d. Poison gases and flame- 
throwers. 

64 



E. Attitude of America toward the war. Its effects on 
America. 

a. Attitude of the government. 

b. Attitude of the majority of the people. Why? 

c. Effects on American industries 

(1) The panic on the outbreak of the war and 
severe business depression for several months. 

(2) The industrial "boom" of 1915 and 1916. To 
what extent due to the war? 

(3) The enormous expansion of the business of 
making war munitions and supplies. 

e. Effects of the war on the financial position of the 
United States. 
E. The blockade of Germany and her allies by the British 
navy and forces of France, Italy, and Russia. Effects 
on Germany and neutral countries. 

5. When Will Peace Be Made? Its Probable Terms. 

A. Feeling of the warring peoples. 

B. Terms the Germans will accept. 

C. Terms the Allies will accept. 

D. What will become of the smaller nationalities? 

Reference Readings: — 

A number of detailed histories of the war have already begun to 
appear in instalments. Of those published in the United States 
the best are the (New York) Times Current History of the War 
(monthly); F. H. Simonds, The Great War (1914, ff.), and G. 
H. Allen and H. C. Whitehead, The Great War (1915, ff.). Per- 
haps the best of these serial histories published in Great Britain 
is the {London) Times History of the War (weekly). Reviews 
of the events of the war are published monthlj' in the Fortnightly 
Review and other English reviews. For a list of similar French 
and German material see Hayes, Modern Europe, II, 723. On 
pages 724-725 Dr. Hayes gives a good list of "Aids in Linking 
Current News with Modern History." 

It is not the intention of the compiler of this outline to give a full 
list of all good magazine articles and books dealing with the war. 
The task and the risk of errors are too great at this time. For 
the narrative of events the student should go to the material 
suggested above and to the files of such magazines and reviews 
as The Review of Reviews, The New Republic, The Independent, 
The Outlook, The Literary Digest, The World's Work, The 
Nation, and other periodicals of the same sort. These may well be 
supplemented by reference to some of the following books and 
articles dealing with certain phases of the war : — 

Davis, Richard Harding. With The Allies. Scribner. (About the 
campaign in Belgium). 

♦5 65 



Palmer, Frederick. My Year of the Great War. Dodd, Mead & 

Co. (With the French and British). 
Fortescue, Granville. At the Front with Three Armies. Brentano. 
Hedin, Sven. With the German Armies. John Lane Co. 
Perris, G. H. The Campaign of 1914 in France and Belgium. Holt. 
Washburn, Stanley. The Russian Campaign, April to August 1915. 

Scribner. 
Haj', Ian. The First Hundred Thousand. Houghton, Mifflin. 
Pares, Bernard. Day by Day mith the Russian Army. Houghton, 

Mifflin. 
Morlae, E. A Soldier of the Legion. Houghton, Mifflin. (Also in 

Atlantic Monthly, vol. 117). 
Hall, James Norman. Kitchener's Mob. Houghton, Mifflin. (Also 

in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 117). 
Ruhl, Arthur. A Year of War onMany Fronts and Behind Them. 

Scribner. 
Davis, Richard Harding. With the Froich in France and Saloniki. 

Scribner. 
Pyke, Geoffrey. To Ruhlcben and Back. Houghton, Mifflin. 
Johnson, Owen. The Spirit of France. 
Hay, Ian. Carry On. Houghton, Mifflin. 

Coleman, Frederick. From Mons to Ypres. Dodd, Mead & Co. 
Freeman, Lewis R. Miickc of the Emden, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 

117, 82(3-837. 
Reed, John. The War in Eastern Europe. Scribner. 
Hamilton, Ernest. TJic First Seven Divisions. E. P. Dutton & Co. 
Afallet, Cln"istiau. J nipressions and Experiences of a French Trooper, 

ll)ll-l!Jir,. Dutton. 
Adcock, A. S. In the Firing Line. Stories of the War by Land and 

Sea. Hodder and Stoughton. 
Aaronsohn, Alexander. Saifna Alimar, Ya Sultan {Our Swords Are 

Red, O Sultan), in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 118, 1-22, 188-196. To 

be had in book form under the tilte "With the Turks in Pales- 
tine," Houghton, Mifflin. 
Friends of France; The Field of Service of the American Ambulance 

Described by Its Members. Houghton, Mifflin. 
Dane, E. Flacking through Belgium. Hodder and Stoughton. 
Dodd, Anna B. Heroic France — How Paris JVas Saved. Poor's 

Manual Co. 
Aldrich, Mildred. TJie Little House on the Marne. Houghton, 

Alifflin. 
Beveridge, Albert J. What Is Back of the War. Bobbs-Merrill. 
Sweetser, Arthur. Roadside Glimpses of the Great War. Macmillan. 
The Attack at Loos. From the Diary of Lieut. Mallet of the French 

Ariky, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 110, 688-692. 
J. H. Morgan. On Active Service, in Nineteenth Century, vol. 78, 303- 

324, 767-791. 
Freeman, The Men of the Tara, in Atlantic Montlily, vol. 118, 417- 

427. 



J. B. W. Gardiner. The Second Year, in Atlantic Hlonthlv, vol. 118, 

396-408. 
H. Sheahan. The Vineyard of Red Wine; in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 

118, 245-251. 
Lewis R. Freeman. It's a Way They Have in the Air Corps, in 

Atlantic Monthly, vol. 118, 251-261. 
A. G. Gardiner, German Generalship, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 117, 

677-687. 
W. J. Robinson, The Machines, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 117, G87-695. 
W. W. Eaton, From a Serbian Diary, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 117, 

709-716. 
H. Sheahan. Verdun, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 118, 114-118. 
W. T. Grenfell. . Red Cross and R. A. M. C, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 

118, 106-114. 
A. M. Vail. In French Hospitals, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 117, 266- 

275. 
Lewis R. Freeman. Sharks of the Air, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 117, 

547-557. 

Special Topics : — 

The following references are by no means complete. They are simply 
a few articles which have happened to attract the compiler's at- 
tention and seem to merit the attention of students. 
Reports of Atrocities Committed in Belgium and Northern France. 
N'ew York Times Current History of the War, vol. 1, 378-391 ; 

1132-1163. 
Bedier, Joseph. German Atrocities from German Evidence 

(translated by B. Harrison). Colin, Paris. 
E. Lavisse and Ch. Andler. German Theory and Practice of War. 

Colin, Paris. 
Bedier. What the Germans Say About Their Own Methods, in 

A^. F. Times Current History, vol. 2, 259-274. 
C. David. Ditiant la Morte, in Contemporary Review, vol. 108, 

212-219. 
L. Mirman. The Bitter Experience of Lorraine, in Atlantic 

Monthly vol. 116. 706-711. 
Failure of the Allies' Diplomacy in Dealing with the Balkan States 
(Summer, 1915). 
British Diplomacy in the Near East, in Quarterly Review, vol. 

225, 164-187. 
Dillon, Greece and Turkey Drifting into War, in Contemporary 

Rcviezv, vol 106, 262-280; Pears, The Balkan Question; in 

Contemporary Reviezv, vol. 109, 1-17. 
Headlam, The Balkans and Diplomacy, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 

117, 122-134. 
Dillon, Bulgaria and Entente Diplomacy, in Fortnightly Rcviezv, 

vol. 97, 755-766. 
Dillon, On the Fringe, in Contemporary Rev'ezv, vol. 108, 562-575, 

689-705. 

67 ■ 



Reasons Why Italy Entered the War on the Side of the Allies. 

Italy and Adriatic, in Quarterly Review, vol. 224, 327-343; Cippico, 

in Fortnightly Review, vol. 98, 296-303. 
Dillon, Italy's Nezu Birth, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 98, 1-15. 
Zimmern, Antonio Salandra — Italian Premier, in Fortnightly 

Review, vol. 98, 70-82. 
Dillon, Dramatis Personae of the Italian Crisis, in Quarterly 

Review, vol. 224, 248-265. 
Dillon, Italy and the Second Phase of the War, in Contemporary 

Reviezu, vol. 107, 715-732, Italy on the Verge, in Contemporary 

Review, vol. 107, 429-447. 
Dillon, Italy and the Triple Entente, in Contemporary Review, 

vol. 109, 18-34. 
Bagot, The Vatican and the War, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 97 ; 

854-864. 
Murri, Italy, The Vatican, and the European War, in Contem- 
porary Review, vol. 107, 167-176. 
N. Y. Times Current History, vol. 2, 735-747. 
O. Wilson, Italy's Reasons, in World's Work, vol. 30, 29-35. 

The Process of Peaceful Penetration as Practiced by Germans in Italy, 
Russia, Belgium, and France. 

D. J. Hill, An Impending Danger to the Republic, in North 
American Reviezv, vol. 202, 801-811. 

Gray, Italy in the Clutches of Germany, in Fortnightly Reviezv, 
vol. 98, 679-684 : Ball, German Methods in Italy, in Quarterly 
Review, vol. 224, 136-149; Dillon, Some of Russia's Diffi- 
culties, in Contemporary Reviezv, vol. 109, 165-179. 

Ball, German Methods in Italy, in Quarterly Reviezu, vol. 224, 
136-149. 
- H. Hauser, Economic Germany. "German Industry Considered 
as a Factor Making for War" (translated by P. E. Matheson). 
(Thomas Nelson & Sons, London and N. Y.), especially pages 
10-23. 

The Lusitania Case. 

New York Times Current History of the War, vol. 2, 409-454. 
A Summary of the Submarine Controversy, in North American 

Reviezv, vol. 203, 661-668 ; and other current magazines of 

1915-1916. 

Why Roumania Entered the War on the Side of the Allies, August 
27, 1916. 

Gerald Morgan, Roumania Joins the Allies, in The Nezv Republic, 
vol. 8, 137-138. 

The Financial Situation of the Belligerents. 

Mallock, War Expenditure of the United Kingdom, in Fort- 
nightly Reviezv, vol. 98, 258-269. 
Hobhouse, The Financial Situation, ip Contemporary Reviezv, 
yol, 108, 137-145, 

(IS 



Pigou, Sources and Methods of Paying for the War, in Con- 
temporary Review, vol. 108. 706-717. 

J. L. Laughlin, A Full-Fledged Socialist State, in N. Y. Times 
Current History, vol. 2, 89-92. 

IVar and Money, in A''. Y. Times Current History, vol. 2, 1075- 
1077. 

Helfferich, Billions for Germany's War, in A^. Y. Times Current 
History of the War, vol. 3, 69-75. 

Villiers, The War and Austro-German Finance, m Contemporary 
Revietv, vol. 107, 584-592. 

Crammond, Financial Preparations for War, in Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, vol. 74, 924-942. 

German Imperial Finance (April 1909) in Edinburgh Review, 
vol. 209, 269-289. 

Turner, The Mineral Wealth of the World, in Contemporary Re- 
vieiv, vol. 105, 254-261. 

E. Julliet, The War and French Finance, in North American Re- 
view, vol. 203, 726-738. 

The Finances of the War, in North American Review, vol. 203, 
17-20. 

Kennedj^ Resources of the Belligerents, in Fortnightly Review, 
vol. 99, 503-514. 

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Rossiter, PVar and Debt, in Atlantic Monthly, vol. 117, 702-709. 

How the War Is Changing England at Home. 

Brooks, The New England, in North American Review, vol. 202, 
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Shadwell, The Industrial Factor in the War, in Nineteenth Cen- 
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Shadwell, Mobilization of Industry for War, in Edinburgh Re- 
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Vodka Prohibition in Russia. 

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Jarintzofif, Peasants' Intelligensia, in Contemporary Review, vol. 
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A^. Y. Times Current History, vol. 1, 831-833. 

Lo.valty of the British Colonies toward the British Empire. 

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Ck'Ographical and Geological Factors in the War. 

J. W. Gregory, The Geological Factors Affecting the Strategy of 
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New Mechanisms for Carrying on the War. 

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Wyatt, The Motor Industry and the War, in Quarterly Reviczv, 
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Scientific American (since 1914). 

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1914-igr^. (Yale University Press), especially chapters 5 

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'I"he German Propaganda in the United States. 

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F. P. Olds, 'Kultur' in American Politics, in Atlantic Monthly. 

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\\'licn Will Peace Be Made? Its Possible Terms. 

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70 



tVhat Will Be Austria's Future f in Fortnightlv Rcviczv, vol 98 

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The Future of Turkey, in Fortnightly Review, vol. 97, 604-616. 
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